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Questions and Answers
Questions and Answers
Which hormone released from adipose tissue decreases appetite?
Which hormone released from adipose tissue decreases appetite?
- Neuropeptide Y
- Leptin (correct)
- Ghrelin
- Adiponectin
What is the effect of adiponectin on organs?
What is the effect of adiponectin on organs?
- Has no effect on organs
- Increases glucose synthesis in liver
- Makes organs more resistant to insulin
- Makes organs more sensitive to insulin (correct)
What happens to lipids when peripheral organs can't store more fat?
What happens to lipids when peripheral organs can't store more fat?
- They are stored in muscle
- They are released into the bloodstream
- They are stored in liver
- They enter in non-oxidative pathways and produce reactive toxic lipid species (correct)
What is the function of ɑ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone?
What is the function of ɑ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone?
What is the result of an imbalance in food intake and energy expenditure?
What is the result of an imbalance in food intake and energy expenditure?
What is the effect of leptin and insulin on Neuropeptide Y?
What is the effect of leptin and insulin on Neuropeptide Y?
What is the effect of adipokines on fuel metabolism and feeding behavior?
What is the effect of adipokines on fuel metabolism and feeding behavior?
What is the effect of the gut microbiome on metabolism and body mass?
What is the effect of the gut microbiome on metabolism and body mass?
Where does glyceroneogenesis primarily take place?
Where does glyceroneogenesis primarily take place?
What is the primary function of the carnitine-acylcarnitine shuttle?
What is the primary function of the carnitine-acylcarnitine shuttle?
What is the first step of fatty acid oxidation?
What is the first step of fatty acid oxidation?
What is the byproduct of beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
What is the byproduct of beta-oxidation of fatty acids?
What triggers the mobilization of stored TAGs in adipocytes?
What triggers the mobilization of stored TAGs in adipocytes?
What is the product of glycerol utilization in adipose tissue?
What is the product of glycerol utilization in adipose tissue?
What is the recommended treatment for fructose-induced liver disease?
What is the recommended treatment for fructose-induced liver disease?
What is the primary function of white adipose tissue?
What is the primary function of white adipose tissue?
Which type of lipid is synthesized in the body?
Which type of lipid is synthesized in the body?
What is the primary function of brown adipose tissue?
What is the primary function of brown adipose tissue?
What is the role of lipids in the body?
What is the role of lipids in the body?
Where are fatty acids absorbed in the body?
Where are fatty acids absorbed in the body?
What is the characteristic of white adipose tissue cells?
What is the characteristic of white adipose tissue cells?
What is the location of brown adipose tissue?
What is the location of brown adipose tissue?
Questions and Answers
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Study Notes
Study Notes
Regulators of Obesity and Insulin Resistance
- Imbalance in food intake and energy expenditure leads to increase in body weight and obesity
- When storage capacity of WAT becomes saturated, fat accumulates in peripheral organs
- Excess lipids in non-oxidative pathways result in production of reactive toxic lipid species, leading to tissue-specific damage and lipotoxicity
Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ
- Adipose tissue releases hormones called adipokines
- Adipokines:
- Carry information to the brain about fuel stores and other tissues
- Leptin and adiponectin are adipokines
- Regulate fuel metabolism and feeding behavior to maintain body mass
- Imbalance can result in life-threatening diseases
Key Hormones Regulating Energy Balance
- Leptin:
- Appetite-suppressing hormone
- Sent from adipose tissue to the brain
- Decreases appetite
- Neuropeptide Y:
- Orexigenic hormone (appetite-stimulating hormone)
- Sends signals to eat
- Levels rise during starvation
- Inhibited by leptin and insulin
- ɑ-melanocyte-stimulating hormone:
- Anorexigenic hormone (appetite-suppressing hormone)
- Sends signals to stop eating
- Release stimulated by leptin and insulin
- Ghrelin:
- Short-term orexigenic hormone secreted in the stomach
- Increases hunger
- Associated with Prader-Willi syndrome
Adiponectin and PPARs
- Adiponectin:
- Made by adipose tissue
- Increases insulin sensitivity in organs
- Affects fatty acid metabolism and carbohydrate metabolism in liver and muscle
- PPARs (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors):
- Alter gene expression for fat and carbohydrate metabolism
- PPARɣ, PPARɑ, PPARδ
Microbiome and Obesity
- Microbiome in the gut influences obesity
- Microbes function as endocrine glands affecting metabolism, feeding behavior, and body mass
- Obese and lean individuals have different gut microbial flora
Type 1 Diabetes
- Caused by autoimmune reaction where the body's immune system attacks insulin-producing beta-cells in the pancreas
Glycerol and Glyceroneogenesis
- Glycerol from fats enters either gluconeogenesis or glycolysis
- Glyceroneogenesis:
- Abbreviated version of gluconeogenesis in liver and adipose tissue
- Uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine, or other substances from the CAC as precursors for glycerol-3-phosphate
Carnitine-Acylcarnitine Shuttle
- Transports fatty acids with +14 carbons
- Acyl-carnitine/carnitine transporter belongs to group E7 enzyme class
- Requires 2 ATPs
Catabolism of Fatty Acids
- Lipolysis:
- Place of action: TAGs in adipocytes, in the cells cytosol and lipid droplets
- Hormones glucagon and epinephrine trigger mobilization of stored TAGs
- Lipases cleave fatty acids from the glycerol backbone of TAGs
- Fatty acid oxidation divided into 3 stages:
- Oxidative conversion of two-carbon units into acetyl-CoA via beta-oxidation
- Oxidation of acetyl-CoA into CO2 through the CAC
- Repeated ingestion of fructose can lead to liver disease, kidney disease (treatment: total elimination of fructose from the diet)
Lipids
- Functions:
- Energy storage
- Cell membrane structure
- Cofactors for enzymes
- Signaling molecules
- Steroid hormone synthesis
- Antioxidants
- Pigments
- Insulation
- Protection
- Fat-soluble vitamin transport and absorption
- Types of lipids found in food and synthesized by the body:
- TAGs
- Cholesterol
- Phospholipids
- Free fatty acids
- White adipose tissue (WAT) and brown adipose tissue (BAT)
- Characteristics of WAT and BAT:
- WAT: large spherical cells, function in fuel storage and release
- BAT: smaller cells, multiple lipid droplets, function in thermogenesis
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