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sociology is based on a special point of view called the __________, which can be described as seining the general in the particular

individualistic point of view

sociological perspective (correct)

free will point of view

global perspective

the text present the formal definition of discipline sociology as

systematic study of human society (correct)

seeing the strange in the familiar

using categories of people as the basis for analysis

seeing the general in the particular

Which of the following lists of historical events and trends correctly identifies three factors that led to the initial development of the discipline of sociology in Europe and the United States?

the Black Death, the discovery of the Americas, the Protestant Reformation

new industrial economy; the growth of cities; political change (correct)

World War II, civil rights movement, 1960

the civil war, the end of slavery ww1

What general conclusion did Emile Durkheim reach in his study of suicide?

the risk of sucide is shaped by social forces Signup and view all the answers

how did Auguste commet contribute to the study of society

applied the scientific approach to the study of society Signup and view all the answers

The text lists four reasons why applying the sociological perspective is useful for personal growth. Which is NOT one of these?

The sociological perspective helps us to understand human behaviour is predictable Signup and view all the answers

Applying the sociological perspective is beneficial in that it helps us understand the barriers and opportunities in our lives, gives us an advantage in our careers, and it _____________.

guides public policy Signup and view all the answers

How can a degree in sociology benefit people working in criminal justice

It can help them devise and assess crime-prevention programs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a latent function of social structure

college's function as a “marriage broker,” bringing together young people of similar social backgrounds Signup and view all the answers

The social-conflict theoretical approach highlights __________.

inequality Signup and view all the answers

An approach to sociology that focuses on how people shape the reality they experience is

symbolic interaction Signup and view all the answers

The ___________ theoretical approach operates on the micro-level of analysis

symbolic interaction approach Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical approach in sociology would most likely lead to an analysis of sports that shows that the games people play reflect their social standing

social conflict approach Signup and view all the answers

_________ refers to consistency in measurement

reliability Signup and view all the answers

a concept whose value changes from case to case

variable Signup and view all the answers

how is validity defined with in positivist sociology

measuring precisely what one intends to measure Signup and view all the answers

Max Weber said that once the research was underway it should be __________.

value free Signup and view all the answers

Three sociological frameworks are scientific, interpretive, and __________.

critical Signup and view all the answers

_____________ means approaching an issue from a male perspective

Androcentricity Signup and view all the answers

________ means approaching from the female perspective

gynocentricity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following studies might suffer from gender blindness

a study of growing old in Canada Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is not correct with respect to research ethics?

Researchers must protect the privacy of individuals involved in a research project unless they come under pressure from authorities to release this information. Signup and view all the answers

As part of conducting ethical research with participants, researchers must get informed consent of participants, which means that before the work begins, the subjects _________________________________.

must fully understand their responsibilities and the risks that the research involves and agree to take part Signup and view all the answers

In what situation would a researcher use the experimental method?

to test a hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

If time and money for data collection is an issue, you should use __________.

existing sources Signup and view all the answers

sociologist wants to understand the impact of factory workplace conditions on female workers. To do this, the sociologist spends several months as a worker in this factory. She is using which research strategy?

participant observation Signup and view all the answers

When doing a research project in sociology, after determining what ethical concerns exist, what is the next step?

determining a method to use Signup and view all the answers

What is the key quality or characteristic of a sample that will provide desirable results in research

The sample must be representative of your population Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following research methods provides the greatest opportunity to specify a cause-and-effect relationship

an experiment Signup and view all the answers

Considered to be one of the women founders of sociology, Professor Annie Marion Maclean was the first Canadian to be awarded a doctorate in sociology from which university and why

University of Chicago, because it established the world’s first department of sociology Signup and view all the answers

Some feminist theorists view Maclean as a feminist pragmatist, as feminist pragmatists are known to combine historical and ____________ considerations, including the marginalized voice of women

methodological Signup and view all the answers

Conflict theorists are particularly concerned with socio-economic inequality, a subject that Maclean devoted her life to studying. How did she study these frequently voiceless people in society?

through ethnographic studies Signup and view all the answers

During Maclean’s life, the social evolutionary ideas of Herbert Spencer were to become increasingly popular. Although not a functionalist theorist, Maclean has been cited as isolating which of the following as a “prime function

women are to become mothers Signup and view all the answers

The use of ethnographic methods and the study of homelessness originated with which sociological theoretical school of thought

symbolic-interactionist theory Signup and view all the answers

Functionalist theorists are interested in explaining homelessness in terms of the way the homeless ___________

support society Signup and view all the answers

Conflict theorists are interested in homelessness in terms of its underlying __________.

inequality associated with its socio-economic causes Signup and view all the answers

Although recent attention has been given to homeless women without children, feminist theorists have traditionally concentrated on the relationship between homelessness and __________

family and domestic violence Signup and view all the answers

Sociologists look for __________

general patterns in the behavior of particular people Signup and view all the answers

The individual who coined the term sociology is __________

Auguste Comte Signup and view all the answers

Taking a global perspective involves __________

studying our society’s place in the larger world Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics do middle- and low-income countries have in common

Both kinds of countries have considerable social inequality, with a few rich but many poor. Signup and view all the answers

Joyce is a clinical sociologist. She would most likely work to improve the lives of her troubled clients by focusing on __________.

difficulties in social relationships Signup and view all the answers

Jamal works as a police officer. He has a “sociological advantage” from his study of sociology. That is, he understands __________.

which categories of people are most at risk of becoming criminals Signup and view all the answers

A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to keep society operating in an orderly way is called the ____________ approach

structural-functional Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly defines positivism

a way of understanding that is based on science Signup and view all the answers

A framework for building theory that sees society as the product of the everyday interactions of individuals is the _________ approach.

symbolic interaction Signup and view all the answers

A social-conflict analysis of sports points out __________.

that the games people play reflect their social standing Signup and view all the answers

One result of high-technology communication, increasing international migration, and an expanding global economy has been __________.

a decrease in the diversity of languages spoken around the world Signup and view all the answers

The beliefs held by members of the Catholic faith, the philosophy of Confucianism, and the requirements for graduation from college are all examples of __________.

nonmaterial culture Signup and view all the answers

Which sets of adjectives could best be used to describe the sociological concept of culture

learned, shared, intergenerational Signup and view all the answers

Technology is defined as __________.

knowledge that people use to make a way of life in their surroundings Signup and view all the answers

Mores differ from folkways in that mores , whereas folkways .

have great moral significance; are less important norms that apply to routine or casual interaction Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the foundation of the process of cultural transmission

language Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sociologists highlighted the power of technology to shape society

Gerhard Lenski Signup and view all the answers

Industry is characterized by __________.

using advance sources of energy to drive machinery Signup and view all the answers

Carl studies the Kaska of North-Western Canada and the Pygmies of Central Africa., two societies that even today rely on simple tools to kill animals and collect vegetation for food. He studies ________ societies.

hunting-and-gathering Signup and view all the answers

At what point did a dramatic increase in inequality occur?

discovery of agriculture Signup and view all the answers

__________ has long been the dominant language of the internet, which has helped to spread this language around the world.

English Signup and view all the answers

The fact that travellers throughout the world now find similar patterns of dress, familiar corporate advertising, and the same popular music in cities as far apart as Seoul, Cairo, London, Madras, New York City, and Mexico City indicates the emergence of a(n) __________

global culture Signup and view all the answers

One way that cultural changes are set in motion is through diffusion, which refers to _______

the spread of objects and ideas from one society to another Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following categories of people provides the best example of a counterculture

neo-nazis Signup and view all the answers

_____________ is defined as cultural patterns that go against the widely accepted cultural patterns within a society.

counter culture Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical approach would most likely lead us to learn that there are fewer women than men in top corporate positions?

feminist theory Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements illustrates the social conflict approach to culture

In a capitalist society, people learn to define personal happiness in terms of material possessions. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements provides evidence for the structural-functional analysis of culture?

All cultures around the world perform funeral rites and have some form of the family Signup and view all the answers

Students in a university sociology class have been assigned to write a 10-page research paper. The students are free to write on any topic they choose, as long as they write it using the feminist or gender-conflict approach. Student “Dale” is proud to write a paper entitled _______________.

Wage Differentials Between Male and Female Professional Athletes Signup and view all the answers

What is one example of the constraint of culture?

Because culture is largely a matter of habit, we repeat many negative patterns of behaviour in each new generation. Signup and view all the answers

The readings in this chapter explain that culture operates ________

both to limit and enhance freedom Signup and view all the answers

Competitive achievement promotes excellence, but it causes __________

isolation from others Signup and view all the answers

Material culture is to __________ as manifest functions are to latent functions

non material culture Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following sets of adjectives can best be used to describe the relationship between culture and society?

interdependent, enduring, essential Signup and view all the answers

The readings in this chapter suggest that one fairly accurate way to estimate the number of cultures in Canada is to ___________.

count the number of languages spoken in Canada Signup and view all the answers

When a student from a remote community such as Random Island, Newfoundland and Labrador, goes to Toronto for the first time, the student may experience __________.

culture shock Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the concepts “culture” and “society” is correct?

Society is the organized interaction of people who typically live in a nation or specific territory; culture is a shared way of life Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is not true with respect to multiculturalism?

Multicultural societies embrace diversity through cultural relativism Signup and view all the answers

The development of hip-hop music in the inner cities during the 1970s demonstrates _______

that low-income people also create cultural patterns that can shape the whole society Signup and view all the answers

In 1898, Marie Curie left a rock on a piece of photographic paper and later found that emissions from the rock had exposed the paper. Since that time, the radium responsible for the paper’s exposure has been put to medical use in X-ray technology. Curie’s experience is an example of __________, one of the processes by which cultural changes are set in motion.

discovery Signup and view all the answers

Counterculture refers to cultural patterns that ___________.

strongly oppose those cultural patterns widely accepted within a society Signup and view all the answers

According to most sociologists, what role does biology play in personality? According to most sociologists, what role does biology play in personality?

Nurture matters more than nature; but people do inherit a potential to develop certain traits and abilities. Signup and view all the answers

The text presents evidence that social isolation of young permanently limits ____________________.

language acquisition and other development Signup and view all the answers

The cases of isolated children described in the readings lead to what conclusion?

Social isolation beyond a year or so can lead to permanent developmental damage Signup and view all the answers

Sigmund Freud believed that personality development is initially driven by ________________________.

instinic or drives route din biology Signup and view all the answers

Which of Kohlberg’s and Piaget’s stages of development are most similar?

preconventional and sensorimotor Signup and view all the answers

According to Mead, what is “self”

a combination of self-awareness and self-image Signup and view all the answers

In which of Erikson’s stages are people most likely to fall in love

young adulthood Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Kohlberg’s theory of moral development

Individuals move through three stages of moral reasoning: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional Signup and view all the answers

Who proposed the theory of "social behaviourism"?

George Herbert Mead Signup and view all the answers

Researchers have documented a link between television viewing and ___________________________

violence Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following probably has the greatest influence in the process of producing a well-adjusted child?

family Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is probably the most important reason that it is difficult to determine the exact onset of adulthood

Class matters a lot because for wealthy people childhood and adolescence last much longer than for poor people. Signup and view all the answers

Peers are more important to young people than their families are

not true at all; families are more important than peers to most young people Signup and view all the answers

What disadvantages do lower-income children face in an increasingly technology-driven world?

They have less money and therefore less access to computers and other high technology. Signup and view all the answers

How does health among today’s elderly people differ from that found in the past

Today’s elderly are healthier than previous generations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts correctly identifies the goal of a total institution such as a prison

a forced process of resocialization Signup and view all the answers

What is the second phase of the resocialization process in a total institution such as a prison?

introducing a system of rewards and punishments to encourage specific behaviour Signup and view all the answers

Too much institutional control can leave some ___________ without the capacity for independent living.

instutionalized Signup and view all the answers

Two ways conflict theorists could look at excessive alcohol consumption on university campuses are through _________

group conflicts and socio-economic inequality Signup and view all the answers

Although the family is an important social group when considering harmful alcohol consumption, feminist theorists are particularly interested in the phenomenon of _______

maternal blaming Signup and view all the answers

What of the following statements is most correct

What of the following statements is most correct Signup and view all the answers

What did Gilligan think was the biggest flaw in Kohlberg’s development theory?

It focused only on male subjects. Signup and view all the answers

What part does Mead say role playing has in the development of the self

It helps us learn to see ourselves as others see us Signup and view all the answers

How do Piaget’s and Freud’s views on human development differ

Freud believed that people were passive in their own development, while Piaget thought that they were active in their growth. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a distinctive contribution of school to the socialization process

School allows students to interact with people of different social backgrounds Signup and view all the answers

What effect will the increasing aging population have on society

The younger generations will be forced to interact more with the elderly Signup and view all the answers

________ is the process by which people act and react in relation to others.

social interaction Signup and view all the answers

Members of every society rely continuously on __________ to make sense of all everyday situations

social structure Signup and view all the answers

Martha works part-time doing house cleaning and watches her ten-year-old niece in the mornings. At night she takes courses at the local community college in hopes of receiving her MA in business. Which of the following terms correctly describes Martha’s status set

worker, aunt, student Signup and view all the answers

How do ascribed status and achieved status compare

An ascribed status is assigned, but an achieved status is largely earned. Signup and view all the answers

A person who is a parent, a student, and a waiter can be said to have a(n) _____.

status set Signup and view all the answers

Gender and ethnicity are examples of

ascribed status Signup and view all the answers

We experience _____ when we find ourselves pulled in various directions as we try to respond to the many statuses that we hold

role conflict Signup and view all the answers

The process of role exit typically begins as people _____.

begin to doubt their ability to continue in a certain role Signup and view all the answers

The term role set refers to ___

a number of different roles attached to a single status Signup and view all the answers

Ethnomethodology is the study of _____.

the way people make sense of their everyday lives Signup and view all the answers

The Thomas theorem says that ______.

situations we define as real are real in their consequences Signup and view all the answers

One approach that allows us to study the way people understand everyday realities is called _____

ethnomethodology Signup and view all the answers

Because many cultural systems are marked by cultural diversity, reality construction usually involves _____

tensions and choices Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts refers to one way to study how people make sense of their everyday surroundings

ethnomethodology Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Erving Goffman’s “presentation of self

It is the efforts of a person to convey information to others and control the impressions that other people have of him or her Signup and view all the answers

In dramaturgical analysis, the concept of “status” is comparable to what theatrical element

a part or character Signup and view all the answers

Tact is commonly employed in everyday interaction because _

embarrassment creates discomfort for everyone Signup and view all the answers

Using dramaturgical analysis, _____ is like a script in a play, supplying dialogue and action

a role Signup and view all the answers

A person’s hands, face, and body are all used in the process of __________.

non verbal communication Signup and view all the answers

Happiness, surprise, and fear are examples

universal emotions Signup and view all the answers

When added to a word, the suffixes – ette and – ess usually _____

devalue the word Signup and view all the answers

How is humour created?

by contrasting conventional and unconventional reality Signup and view all the answers

The fact that humour rarely travels well means that ______.

humour can vary by culture Signup and view all the answers

Achieved status is typically based on __

personal effort Signup and view all the answers

A(n) __________ status, which can be a matter of race, extreme poverty or wealth, or physical disability, often shapes a person’s entire life in terms of identity

master Signup and view all the answers

The behaviour expected of someone who holds a particular status is called _____.

a role Signup and view all the answers

The text explains that increasing use of social media in Canada has resulted in which of the following transformations

Technology connects people in new ways and over distance but sometimes weakens ties among those who share physical space. Signup and view all the answers

tact Is common is society because

it reduces embarrassment, which creates discomfort for everyone Signup and view all the answers

The text explores the roots of emotions and concludes that they have both a _ and a _ basis

biological; cultural Signup and view all the answers

Roman Catholics are correctly considered to be an example of a ___

category Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a primary group

neighbours at a monthly neighbourhood picnic Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups is an example of a dyad

a marriage Signup and view all the answers

Which type of leader focuses on instrumental concerns and takes personal charge of decision making?

authoritarian Signup and view all the answers

Solomon Asch's line-matching research demonstrated the dynamics of _

group conformity Signup and view all the answers

A(n) ________ is the rule of the many by the few

oligarchy Signup and view all the answers

Bureaucracies usually take the form of a(n) ________________.

pyramid, with few people at the top and many at the bottom Signup and view all the answers

_____ refers to an organization’s rules and regulations becoming an end in themselves, so much so that they interfere with accomplishing the organization’s goals.

Bureaucratic ritualism Signup and view all the answers

Organizational environment refers to _____.

factors outside an organization that affect its operation Signup and view all the answers

Robert Michels’s “iron law of oligarchy” refers to ______.

the typical pyramid shape by which few people lead in a bureaucracy Signup and view all the answers

The principles of scientific management suggest that operational control over the workplace should reside with _____.

owners and executives Signup and view all the answers

Many of the better jobs in the information age are characterized by ______.

greater flexibility Signup and view all the answers

The McDonaldization thesis states that rational organization ______.

is coming to define our way of life, for better or worse Signup and view all the answers

George Ritzer echoes Max Weber when he states that the ultimate irrationality of McDonald’s is that ____________.

people could lose control of the system and end up being controlled by it Signup and view all the answers

A social group is defined as __________

two or more people who identify with and interact with one another Signup and view all the answers

A ____is an example of a primary group

family residing together Signup and view all the answers

A problem with groupthink for getting a job done is that it results in _________.

conforming, leading to a narrow view of an issue Signup and view all the answers

Which cluster of traits did Max Weber link to bureaucracy

specialization, hierarchy, and technical competence Signup and view all the answers

At McDonald’s, customers take their trash and dump it and put their trays away—or better still, go through the drive-through and take the trash with them. This is an example of _____

efficiency Signup and view all the answers

scientific management was developed to

increase the productive efficiency of businesses Signup and view all the answers