Untitled Quiz

<p>Metabotropic receptor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Muscarinic cholinergic receptor (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They contain specific binding sites for neurotransmitters. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dopamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuropeptides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By binding to receptors and causing direct ion channel openings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Endocannabinoids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibitory or excitatory effects depending on the type. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The receptor changes shape allowing ion passage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enters the terminal to trigger neurotransmitter release. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Twelve pairs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conducting sensory impulses to the spinal cord (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mixed nerves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dorsal rami (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Efferent fibers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic reflex (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It dilates renal vessels to increase blood flow. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Five pairs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parasympathetic division (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Norepinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vagus nerves (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nerve plexuses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are long and lightly myelinated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By releasing acetylcholine to muscarinic receptors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The brain can facilitate, inhibit, or adapt reflex activities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Somatic neurons are more highly myelinated than autonomic neurons. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Preganglionic neuron (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nicotinic receptors (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Provide structural support and regulate nutrient supplies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Schwann cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Line fluid-filled ventricles and direct cell migration during brain development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Astrocytes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Myelin sheath (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulate exchanges of materials and provide structural support to neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Has a different protein composition in its membrane (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synapse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microglia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They assist in transporting materials within the dendrites and axons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Graded potentials decrease in intensity over distance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-70 mV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potassium channels open and sodium channels close. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases membrane potential below resting potential. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A stimulus above threshold always produces a full action potential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It moves three sodium ions out and two potassium ions into the cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Impulse propagation occurs only at nodes of Ranvier. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of myelination and axon diameter. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>EPSPs increase membrane potential, while IPSPs decrease it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The time required for neurotransmitters to cross the synaptic cleft. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases the frequency of stimuli adding up over time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Electrical synapse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By their molecular structure and function. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They must be removed to avoid blockage of further messages. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurotransmitters are released into the synaptic cleft when calcium enters the axon terminal in response to an action potential.

Neurotransmitters act by binding to receptors on the membrane of the postsynaptic cell, triggering a response.

Unconventional neurotransmitters include endocannabinoids and gasotransmitters like CO and NO.

These include small molecule neurotransmitters like amino acids (glutamate, GABA, glycine), biogenic amines (dopamine, norepinephrine), purines (ATP, adenosine), and acetylcholine; and neuropeptides like endorphins and substance P.

Neurotransmitters can be classified by their effects (inhibitory or excitatory) and actions (direct or indirect).

Ionotropic receptors are membrane-spanning ion channels that open directly in response to ligand binding.

Metabotropic receptors trigger a signaling pathway, which may indirectly open or close channels, or have other effects.

Ionotropic receptors have specific binding sites for neurotransmitter ligands.

Neurotransmitter binding to ionotropic receptors changes the protein shape, opening the channel.

Ionotropic receptors have either excitatory or inhibitory effects based on the ions passing through the channel.

The most abundant and versatile glial cells in the CNS, supporting and bracing neurons, guiding their migration, maintaining the chemical environment for nerve impulses, taking up excess neurotransmitters, and helping form the blood-brain barrier.

Myelinating glia in the CNS, providing insulation to axons (myelin sheath) and speeding nerve impulse propagation.

Myelinating cells in the PNS, similar to oligodendrocytes but with a distinct role in axon regeneration, forming the neurilemma.

Insulating layer around axons, formed by oligodendrocytes (CNS) and Schwann cells (PNS), speeding up nerve impulses.

Gaps in the myelin sheath where the axon membrane is exposed, crucial for saltatory conduction.

Outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the Schwann cell; crucial for axon regeneration after injury.

Regions of the brain and spinal cord containing dense collections of myelinated fibers.

Regions of the brain and spinal cord primarily composed of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated fibers.

Cells lining fluid-filled ventricles in the brain, directing cell migration in brain development.

Phagocytic cells in the CNS that remove debris from dead or degenerating neurons and glia.

Glial cells that surround neuron cell bodies in peripheral ganglia, providing structural support and regulating exchanges with interstitial fluid.

The basic functional unit of the nervous system; consists of a soma, axon, and dendrites.

Spherical central part of a neuron, containing the nucleus and organelles.

Long, slender projection of a neuron, transmitting signals away from the soma.

Branching extensions of a neuron receiving signals from other neurons.

Cone-shaped region of a neuron where the axon originates, crucial for action potential initiation.

The junction between two neurons or a neuron and a target cell where information is transmitted.

Branching structure at the end of an axon that forms synapses on dendrites/cell bodies in the same region.

Small membrane-bound sacs in axon terminals containing neurotransmitters.

Branching extensions of a neuron that receive signals from other neurons.

Protein molecules on the dendritic membrane that detect neurotransmitters.

Small, variable changes in membrane potential that decrease in intensity with distance.

Large, rapid changes in membrane potential that do not decrease in intensity.

Categorizing neurons based on the number of neurites, dendrites, connections, axon length, or neurotransmitters.

Inside of the membrane becomes less negative.

Membrane returns to its resting membrane potential.

Inside of the membrane becomes more negative than the resting potential.

Electrical potential difference across the membrane of a resting neuron, approximately –70 mV.

Moves 3 sodium ions out and 2 potassium ions in, creating concentration gradients.

Brief reversal of membrane potential (approximately 100 mV).

Strength of a nerve or muscle fiber response is independent of stimulus strength.

Time when a neuron cannot generate another action potential.

Time after absolute refractory period when it's harder, but not impossible, to trigger another action potential.

Action potential propagation between nodes of Ranvier.

Junction between neurons or neurons and other cells.

Gap junctions connecting adjacent neurons.

Utilize neurotransmitters.

Excitatory postsynaptic potential, depolarizing the membrane.

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential, hyperpolarizing the membrane.

Combinations of EPSPs and/or IPSPs to determine whether an action potential occurs.

Time taken for neurotransmitter release.

A membrane-spanning ion channel that opens directly upon ligand binding.

A receptor that doesn't directly open ion channels, but triggers intracellular signaling pathways.

Neurotransmitters are quickly removed from the synapse to stop signal transmission.

Electric current generated in a synapse after neurotransmitter binds. Begins and ends quickly.

An example of an ionotropic receptor.

An example of a metabotropic receptor linked to acetylcholine.

A cascade of intracellular events initiated by a metabotropic receptor.

Ionotropic receptors cause a faster response than metabotropic receptors.

Twelve pairs of nerves connected to the brain; the first two connect to the forebrain, the rest to the brain stem; they mainly serve the head and neck, except for the vagus nerves which extend to the abdomen.

Thirty-one pairs of nerves emerging from the spinal cord, providing all body parts except the head and neck areas with nerves by their specific regions.

Eight pairs of spinal nerves located in the neck region.

Part of a spinal nerve carrying sensory information into the spinal cord.

Part of a spinal nerve carrying motor commands away from the spinal cord.

Branches of spinal nerves that extend to supply the entire body region from the neck down.

Interlacing networks formed by ventral rami (except T2-T12), mainly serving the limbs.

Reflexes that activate skeletal muscles.

Somatic reflexes mediated by the spinal cord, often without brain involvement.

Dilates renal vessels, increasing blood flow and glomerular filtration.

Also called the craniosacral division; uses a two-neuron pathway for nerve signals.

First neuron in the parasympathetic pathway, located in CNS, and sends signals to a ganglion.

Second neuron in the parasympathetic pathway, located near the target organ.

Primarily acetylcholine.

Innervate effector organs directly and highly myelinated.

Lightly myelinated and release acetylcholine.

Release mainly norepinephrine.

Release acetylcholine.