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Questions and Answers

Who described Mazzini as the most dangerous enemy of the social order?

Mettemich

Who headed the constitutional monarchy installed by liberal revolutionaries in 1830?

Louis Philippe

Who remarked 'When France sneezes the rest of Europe catches cold'?

Duke Mettemich

How did Lord Byron contribute to the Greek War of Independence?

He organised funds and participated in the war. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Romantic artists and poets criticize?

Glorification of reason and science Signup and view all the answers

Who claimed that true German culture was to be discovered among the common people?

Johann Gottfried Herder Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'das volk'?

Common people Signup and view all the answers

What was the term given to the true spirit of a nation in Germany?

Volksgeist Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the rise in population in Europe in the first half of the 19th century?

Created unemployment and migration to cities Signup and view all the answers

Where was the Frankfurt Parliament convened?

Church of St. Paul Signup and view all the answers

Why did the middle class lose its support after the failure of the Frankfurt Parliament?

They resisted the demands of workers and artisans Signup and view all the answers

Which state led the unification of Germany?

Prussia Signup and view all the answers

Who holds the credit of unifying Germany?

Otto von Bismarck Signup and view all the answers

Who was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871?

Kaiser William I Signup and view all the answers

Who headed Sardinia-Piedmont?

King Victor Emmanuel II Signup and view all the answers

Who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy?

Cavour Signup and view all the answers

In 1861, who was proclaimed the king of united Italy?

Victor Emmanuel II Signup and view all the answers

Name the ethnic groups who inhabited the British Isles.

The English, Welsh, Scot, or Irish Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the Act of Union (1707)?

Formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain with the incorporation of Scotland Signup and view all the answers

What is an allegory?

An idea expressed in the form of a person or a thing Signup and view all the answers

Who represented France as a nation?

Marianne Signup and view all the answers

What was Germania?

Allegory of Germany Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Slavs?

Inhabitants of regions under the Ottoman Empire, like Romania, Bulgaria, and others Signup and view all the answers

What made the Balkan area explosive?

Spread of romantic nationalism and disintegration of the Ottoman Empire Signup and view all the answers

Name the powers that were keen on countering the hold of other powers over the Balkans.

Russia, Germany, England, and Austro-Hungary Signup and view all the answers

What led Europe into disaster in 1914?

Nationalism aligned with imperialism Signup and view all the answers

Identify the correct statement with regard to 'The Act of Union-1707'.

The formation of the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain'. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following treaties recognized Greece as an independent nation?

Treaty of Constantinople (A) Signup and view all the answers

Elle, the measuring unit in Germany was used to measure:

cloth (C) Signup and view all the answers

Zollevrein started in 1834 in Prussia refers to a:

Customs Union (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do the saints, angels, and Christ symbolize in the Utopian vision?

Fraternity among nations (D) Signup and view all the answers

Who were the 'Junkers'?

Large landowners (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which treaty recognized Greece as an independent nation?

Treaty of Constantinople, 1832 (B) Signup and view all the answers

By which of the following treaties was the United Kingdom of Great Britain formed?

Act of Union (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following group of powers collectively defeated Napoleon?

Austria, Prussia, Russia, Britain (D) Signup and view all the answers

Romanticism refers to a:

Cultural movement (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which one of the following types of government was functioning in France before the revolution of 1789?

Monarchy (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries is considered the 'cradle of European civilization'?

Greece (D) Signup and view all the answers

Choose the correct nationality of the artist Frederic Sorrieu who visualized in his painting a society made up of Democratic and Social Republic.

French (B) Signup and view all the answers

'Nationalism', which emerged as a force in the late 19th century, means

Strong devotion for one's own country and its history and culture. (B) Signup and view all the answers

A 'Utopian Society' is

(ii) only (B) Signup and view all the answers

Pick out the correct definition to define the term 'Plebiscite'.

A direct vote by which all the citizens of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Ernst Renan believed that the existence of nations is a necessity because

It ensures liberty to all inhabitant citizens. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries did not attend the Congress of Vienna?

Switzerland (A) Signup and view all the answers

The first great revolution which gave the clear idea of nationalism with its core words: 'Liberty, Equality and Fraternity' was:

The French Revolution (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the 'French Revolution' are correct?

(i) and (iii) (C) Signup and view all the answers

The French revolutionaries declared that the mission and destiny of the French nation were

To liberate the people of Europe from despotism. (C) Signup and view all the answers

The Civil Code of 1804 in France is usually known as:

Napoleonic Code (B) Signup and view all the answers

The Napoleonic Code was exported to which of the following regions?

Regions under French control (D) Signup and view all the answers

The liberal nationalism stands for:

Freedom for the individual and equality before law. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Who among the following formed the secret society called 'Young Italy'?

Giuseppe Mazzini (A) Signup and view all the answers

The term 'Universal Suffrage' means:

The right to vote for all adults. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a feature or belief of 'Conservatism'?

Conservatives believed in the monarchy, church, and other social hierarchies. (C) Signup and view all the answers

The Treaty of recognized Greece as an independent nation:

Constantinople 1832 (C) Signup and view all the answers

Who said 'When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold'?

Duke Metternich (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happened to Poland at the end of the 18th century?

Poland was partitioned at the end of the 18th century by three Great Powers: Russia, Prussia, and Austria. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Who played the leading role in the unification of Germany?

Otto Von Bismarck (Prussian Chief Minister). (C) Signup and view all the answers

Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark, Germany and France, ended in:

Prussian victory (B) Signup and view all the answers

Who was proclaimed the emperor of Germany in 1871?

Kaiser William I of Prussia (D) Signup and view all the answers

Who became the King of United Italy in 1861?

Victor Emmanuel II (D) Signup and view all the answers

What helped in the formation of a nation-state in Britain?

The parliament through a bloodless revolution seized power from the monarchy which gradually led to the emergence of a nation-state. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Who was responsible for the unification of Germany?

Bismarck (B) Signup and view all the answers

The allegory of the German nation who wears a crown of oak leaves was a:

Germania (D) Signup and view all the answers

A large part of Balkans region was under the control of:

Ottoman Empire (A) Signup and view all the answers

Austrian Chancellor ___________ hosted the Congress of Vienna.

Duke Metternich Signup and view all the answers

The first clear expression of nationalism came with the ___________.

French revolution Signup and view all the answers

The Civil Code of 1804 was known as the ___________.

Napoleonic Code Signup and view all the answers

___________ became the allegory of the German nation.

Germania Signup and view all the answers

Frederic Sorrieu was a ___________.

French artist Signup and view all the answers

A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the ___________ Empire.

Ottoman Signup and view all the answers

To which country did the artist Frederic Sorrieu belong?

France Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as Absolutism?

Unrestricted, despotic, and authoritarian monarchial system of rule or government is referred to as absolutism. Signup and view all the answers

Define Nation.

A body of people who are united by the same past, culture, political system, and common interests can be defined as a nation. Signup and view all the answers

What was the concept of a nation-state?

The concept of a nation-state was one in which people and rulers of land came together to develop a sense of common identity and shared history. Signup and view all the answers

Define Plebiscite.

Plebiscite is a system of direct vote by which the people of a region decide to accept or reject a proposal. Signup and view all the answers

MATCH THE COLUMN: (a) French Revolution, (b) Liberalism, (c) Napoleonic Code, (d) The Treaty of Vienna, (e) Treaty of Constantinople.

(a) (iv), (b) (v), (c) (ii), (d) (i), (e) (iii) Signup and view all the answers

Which form of government was operating in France before the revolution of 1789?

Monarchy Signup and view all the answers

What was the mission of the French revolutionaries?

The mission of the French revolutionaries was to liberate the people of Europe from despotism and help people to form nations. Signup and view all the answers

What was Napoleonic Code?

Napoleonic Code refers to reforms incorporated in administration to make the system more rational and efficient. Signup and view all the answers

Name the provinces under the Habsburg Empire.

The Habsburg Empire ruled over Austria-Hungary. It included the Alpine region of Tyrol, Austria, Sudetenland, as well as Bohemia along with Italian-speaking provinces of Lombardy and Venetia. Signup and view all the answers

Name the two Italian-speaking provinces of the Habsburg Empire.

Lombardy and Venetia Signup and view all the answers

What was the tie that bound the diverse groups of Habsburg Empire?

Common allegiance to the emperor Signup and view all the answers

What did the new social group that came into being in the 19th century comprise of?

The new social group that came into being in the 19th century comprised of the working class and middle class made up of industrialists, businessmen, and professionals. Signup and view all the answers

What ideas gained popularity among the educated liberal middle class?

The ideas of national unity following the abolition of aristocratic privileges gained popularity among the educated liberal middle class. Signup and view all the answers

What did liberalism stand for the new middle classes?

For new middle classes, liberalism stood for freedom for individuals and equality of all before the law. Signup and view all the answers

What did 19th-century liberals stress upon?

19th-century liberals stressed the inviolability of private property. Signup and view all the answers

What does suffrage mean?

Suffrage means the right to vote. Signup and view all the answers

What was the status of women under the Napoleonic Code?

Napoleonic code reduced women to the status of a minor, subjected to the authority of fathers and husbands. Signup and view all the answers

What did liberalism stand for in the economic sphere?

In the economic sphere, liberalism stood for freedom of markets and abolition of restriction on the movement of goods and capital. Signup and view all the answers

What was the strong demand of the emerging middle class in Europe during the 19th century?

Freedom of markets and abolition of restriction on the movement of goods and capital were strong demands of the emerging middle class in Europe during the 19th century. Signup and view all the answers

What was the basic philosophy of the conservatives?

The basic philosophy of the conservatives was to preserve traditional institutions such as church, monarchy, social hierarchies, property, and family. Signup and view all the answers

Which dynasty was deposed during the French Revolution and later restored to power by conservatives?

The Bourbon dynasty Signup and view all the answers

What was the nature of Conservative regimes set up in 1815?

The conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic in nature. Signup and view all the answers

What was the major issue taken up by the liberal nationalists?

The liberal nationalists took up the issue of freedom of the press. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main aim of the revolutionaries of Europe?

The European revolutionaries aimed at opposing the monarchial order established after the Vienna Congress and struggling for liberty and freedom. Signup and view all the answers

What views did Giuseppe Mazzini have about Italy?

It was Mazzini's belief that God wanted nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could no longer be a patchwork of small states; it had to take shape as a single unified republic within a wider alliance of nations. Signup and view all the answers

How was Mazzini described by Metternich?

Metternich described Mazzini as a dangerous revolutionary. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nationalism in Europe

The Elle was a measuring unit in Germany primarily used for measuring cloth.
The Zollverein, established in 1834 in Prussia, was a Customs Union that facilitated trade by eliminating tariffs.
In the Utopian vision, saints, angels, and Christ symbolize fraternity among nations.
The term ‘Junkers’ refers to large landowners in Prussia.
The Treaty of Constantinople in 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation.
The Act of Union was the treaty that formed the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Britain collectively defeated Napoleon during the Napoleonic Wars.
Romanticism is a cultural movement that emphasized emotion and individualism.
Prior to the 1789 revolution, France operated under a Monarchy.
Greece is often referred to as the 'cradle of European civilization'.
Frederic Sorrieu, a French artist, envisioned a society comprising Democratic and Social Republics in his paintings.
Nationalism emerged as a powerful force in the late 19th century, characterized by a strong devotion to one’s country and its history and culture.
A Utopian Society is unlikely to exist, as indicated by its definition.
A Plebiscite is a direct vote in which all citizens of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.
Ernst Renan believed that the existence of nations is essential for ensuring liberty for citizens.
Switzerland did not attend the Congress of Vienna.
The first great revolution showcasing nationalism's core ideas of 'Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity' was the French Revolution.
Post-French Revolution, it was declared that the people constitute the nation and shape its destiny, accompanied by a centralized administrative system to create uniform laws.
The French revolutionaries aimed to liberate Europe from despotism.
The Civil Code of 1804 in France is known as the Napoleonic Code.
The Napoleonic Code was implemented in regions under French control.
Liberal nationalism advocates for freedom for individuals and equality under the law.
Giuseppe Mazzini founded the secret society known as 'Young Italy'.
Universal Suffrage grants voting rights to all adults.
Key beliefs of Conservatism include preservation of traditional institutions, gradual change over radical ones, and a strong belief in monarchy and social hierarchies.
The Treaty of Constantinople reaffirmed Greece’s independence.
Duke Metternich noted that "When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold", highlighting France’s influence on European politics.
At the end of the 18th century, Poland was partitioned by Russia, Prussia, and Austria, losing its sovereignty.
Otto Von Bismarck played a crucial role in the unification of Germany.
The conflicts involving Prussia, Austria, Denmark, and France between 1864 and 1871 ended with Prussian victory.
Kaiser William I of Prussia was proclaimed the emperor of Germany in 1871.
Victor Emmanuel II became the King of United Italy in 1861.
The emergence of a nation-state in Britain resulted from a bloodless revolution where Parliament gained power from the monarchy.
Bismarck was primarily responsible for Germany's unification.
The allegory of the German nation, depicted as a female figure wearing a crown of oak leaves, is known as Germania.
A significant portion of the Balkan region was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.
Duke Metternich hosted the Congress of Vienna.
The French Revolution marked the first clear expression of nationalism.
The Civil Code of 1804 is often referred to as the Napoleonic Code, showcasing reforms in administration.
German artist and philosopher, Johann Gottfried Herder, emphasized that true German culture could be found among the common people, referred to as das volk.
Volksgeist represents the national spirit of the German people.
The population rise in Europe during the early 19th century resulted in unemployment and migration to cities in search of work.
The Frankfurt Parliament was convened in the Church of St Paul.
The middle class lost support post-Frankfurt Parliament failure due to resistance against workers' demands.
Prussia led the unification of Germany and was pivotal in continental politics.
The Bourbon dynasty was deposed during the French Revolution and restored by conservative powers thereafter.
The nature of conservative regimes established post-1815 was primarily autocratic.
The European revolutionaries aimed to overthrow the monarchial order established after the Vienna Congress.
Lord Byron played a supportive role in the Greek War of Independence, funding the struggle against Ottoman control.
Romantic artists and poets critiqued the excessive emphasis on reason and science.
The rise in population in the early 19th century was linked to social changes, including increased poverty and urban migration.
The influence of liberal nationalism shaped ideas of social equality and individual rights throughout European societies during this era.### Unification of Germany and Italy
Otto von Bismarck credited with unifying Germany.
Kaiser William I proclaimed German Emperor in January 1871 at Versailles.
King Victor Emmanuel II headed the kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont.
Chief Minister Cavour led the movement for Italian unification.
Victor Emmanuel II declared king of united Italy in 1861.

Ethnic Groups and Nationalism in the British Isles

The British Isles are inhabited by the English, Welsh, Scots, and Irish.
The Act of Union (1707) formed the United Kingdom of Great Britain by incorporating Scotland.

Allegories and National Representation

An allegory represents an idea through a person or entity, exemplified by Germania for Germany.
Marianne serves as the national personification of France.

The Slavs and the Balkan Region

Slavs were the inhabitants of Ottoman Empire territories including Romania, Bulgaria, Greece, and others.
The Balkan area became a powder keg due to the rise of romantic nationalism and the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire.

Geopolitical Interests in the Balkans

Russia, Germany, England, and Austro-Hungary sought to counterbalance each other’s influence and extend territorial control in the Balkans.

Nationalism and Its Consequences

Nationalism, paired with imperialism, was a significant factor leading to conflict in Europe by 1914.

The Act of Union and Greece’s Independence

The correct assertion about the Act of Union 1707: formation of the 'United Kingdom of Great Britain'.
Greece’s independence was recognized by the Treaty of Constantinople.

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