Nyaya Darshana: Tarka and Inferential Knowledge

Tarka is significant in Nyaya darshana as it aids in attaining valid knowledge and strengthens arguments.

Two types of Tarka include Vyahata and Iyharesraya.

Drstanta is the citing of one object to describe another, aimed at conveying identical knowledge to both scholars and illiterates.

<p>An example is how both the wise and the illiterate understand the properties of fire and water as hot and fluid respectively.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The two types of examples are Sadharmya (Mahanasa) and Vaidharmya (Jalashaya).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Linga (hetu) is essential as it serves as the basis for inferring knowledge of the unknown from the known.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hetu, or cause, is crucial for obtaining inferential knowledge, as cognition relies on identifying underlying causes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acharya Charaka suggests that digestive and exercise power serve as hetus for inferring the state of jatharagni and patient strength.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anumiti is the knowledge obtained through Anumana, specifically through the understanding gained from reasoning and discussion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nyaya darshana posits that ordinary people and investigators acquire knowledge through similar processes of investigation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Trikala gyana' refers to the knowledge of past, present, and future events that can be obtained through Anumana.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>If smoke is observed in a specific location, one can infer the presence of fire there.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The six stages include ascertaining Vyapti Graha, obtaining doubt about the existence of Sadhya, followed by further inquiry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vyapti gyana is the understanding of the universal relationship between cause and effect, which is fundamental for making inferences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pratyaksha provides direct perception, which serves as the foundation for making inferential knowledge through Anumana.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Ladga' denotes the effect of a cause that is inherently related to its effect, thus serving to strengthen the inference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lingika gyana is the knowledge obtained through linga (hetu), linking directly back to Anumana by providing valid inferential knowledge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anumana is the process of inferring about indirect objects based on what has been directly perceived.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vyapti refers to the inseparable relationship (Avinabhava sambandha) between two padartha, indicating that one is always present when the other is.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anvaya demonstrates that the presence of one object guarantees the presence of another, establishing an inherent relation between Sadhana and Sadhya.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upadhi is an obstructive factor that prevents the establishment of Vyapti, making it essential for Vyapti Sambandha to be devoid of Upadhi.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vyabhichara graha refers to the absence of Vyabhicara, which should not be present between two padartha to maintain the constancy of Vyapti.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tarka involves proper logical reasoning in exploring the relationships between Vyapya and Vyapaka, helping to clarify knowledge about their existence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypothetical situations in Tarka demonstrate causes that help in understanding unknown real objects, as illustrated by the example that without Agni, there would be no Dhuma.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The relationship illustrates that Sadhana does not exist without Sadhya and vice versa, embodying the essence of Tarka.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vyapti must be constant to ensure that the relationship between padartha remains valid and reliable across varying situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ahetu.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hetwantara refers to an irrelevant reason given instead of a relevant one. For example, claiming a medicine works based on unrelated data.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Savyabhicara indicates a statement that includes exceptions, leading to doubt about a conclusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prakarana Sama Ahetu occurs when the Paksha is identical to the hetu, suggesting a flawed reasoning pattern.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Samsaya Sama refers to using a doubtful reason to remove uncertainty.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anumana Pramana is used to infer knowledge about a disease based on previous signs and symptoms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ayurveda is influenced by darshana shastra principles, particularly in understanding concepts like Punarjanma and Moksha.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It helps to understand the causative factors and assess potential prognosis of the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three sources of knowledge are authoritative instruction, perception, and inference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Moha' refers to a lack of knowledge and understanding, which can hinder the perception of diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Medha' represents the power of comprehension and is vital for understanding complex concepts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Dhairyam' denotes the strength of mind when faced with danger or adversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Shokah' signifies a sorrowful expression, which reflects emotional distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Perception is key to understanding specific objects, which informs knowledge in various contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Prīti' conveys the facial expression of joy and indicates a state of pleasure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>'Srotradini' refers to the ability to perceive knowledge related to respective objects, crucial for understanding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sat Pratipaksha Hetwabhasa is a type of reasoning where one hetu supports the existence of Sadhya while another hetu opposes it, providing evidence for its non-existence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of Asiddha Hetwabhasa is the statement &quot;SkyLotus is fragrant,&quot; as the paksha (SkyLotus) is non-existent, making the hetu irrelevant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three types are Asraya Asiddha (non-existent paksha), Swarupa Asiddha (hetu does not exist on paksha), and Vyapyatwa Asiddha (non-existent concomitance due to conditions).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vyapyatwa Asiddha Hetwabhasa occurs when a hetu (Agni) does not always correlate with the sadhya (Dhuma), such as in the case where Dhuma is absent despite the presence of Agni due to wet fuel conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Badhita Hetwabhasa signifies that the sadhyabhava is refuted or obstructed by another pramana, as in the statement that fire is not hot because it is a substance like water.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sabda Nityatwa posits that sound is eternal due to its audibility, while Sabda Anityatwa argues that sound is non-eternal as it is a product like Ghata.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sadhyabhava is critical as its absence or flawed association leads to Asiddha Hetwabhasa, making the reasoning invalid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Upadhi refers to limitations or conditions that obstruct the hetu's capability to produce the sadhya consistently, creating a flawed logical connection.</p> Signup and view all the answers