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Questions and Answers
Which of the following SNPs is associated with folate metabolism?
The SNP affecting the MTHFR gene leads to an increased risk of which health condition?
What does the C677T substitution in the MTHFR gene represent?
What is the primary consequence of the SNP known as C677T in the MTHFR gene?
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Which vitamin is a co-factor involved in homocysteine metabolism, alongside MTHFR?
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What is the primary focus of nutritional genomics?
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Which component is essential for the transmission of genetic information from DNA to proteins?
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Which of the following best describes nutrigenetics?
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What are the two main branches of nutritional genomics?
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What type of variation does genetic polymorphism refer to?
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Which base pair combinations correctly match in a DNA molecule?
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What is one aspect of molecular nutrition?
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What does nutrigenomics specifically investigate?
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What is the role of Apolipoproteins in lipid metabolism?
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How does folate relate to DNA methylation?
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What challenge is associated with the prevalence of mutations in genetics and obesity?
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What is the purpose of the MyCellf ® Program?
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What main aspect does epigenetics involve?
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What impact does public health nutrition underpinned by nutritional genomics aim for?
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Which statement reflects a common misconception regarding genetics and obesity?
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What is a key factor to consider when applying nutrigenomics to public health?
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Study Notes
Nutritional Sciences
- Clinical nutrition is about nutrition and health, nutrition and disease, diet therapy.
- Community nutrition focuses on food choices, food and nutrition policy, nutritional epidemiology, nutritional education and intervention, and food security.
- Molecular nutrition is about nutritional biochemistry, nutritional proteomics, and nutritional genomics.
- Nutritional genomics focuses on the interactions between nutrients and the genome.
DNA & Genes
- DNA is a molecule containing genetic information.
- It consists of two strands in a double helix shape.
- Complementary base pairs in DNA include: Adenine (A) and Thymine (T), Guanine (G) and Cytosine (C).
- A gene is a piece of DNA that encodes specific proteins.
- The flow of genetic information is DNA - mRNA - Protein.
- RNA transmits genetic information from DNA to proteins.
Diet-Gene Interactions
- Nutritional genomics is divided into two terms: Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics.
- Nutrigenetics examines the effects of individual genetic variation on dietary response.
- Nutrigenomics studies the effects of diet and specific nutrients on genes.
Nutrigenetics
- Genetic polymorphism is the complete gene variation between individuals.
- Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) are differences in a single nucleotide from the generally accepted gene sequence.
- SNPs relate to a single nucleotide substitution in a DNA sequence.
Nutrigenetics & Folate
- A SNP influences dietary folate requirements.
- It affects the gene coding for the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR).
- This causes the C677T polymorphism, where cytosine (C) is replaced by thymine (T).
- This results in the amino acid alanine (ala) being replaced by valine (val) at position 222 of the amino acid sequence.
Homocysteine Metabolism
- Tetrahydrofolate and Vitamin B12 are important for methionine production and homocysteine metabolism.
- High homocysteine levels are associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD), DNA methylation, and other complications.
Known SNPs & Their Implications
- Variations in MTHFR, cystathione betasynthase, and methionine synthase genes are linked to an increased risk of neural tube defects, CVD, and cancer.
- SNPs in the HFE gene and transferrin receptor gene are linked to iron overload and anemia.
- SNPs in the vitamin D receptor, estrogen receptor, and type 1 collagen genes affect bone health and metabolism.
- Variations in Apolipoprotein (AIV, B, C3, E), LDL receptor, and lipoprotein lipase genes impact blood cholesterol and CVD.
- SNPs in β2- and β3- Adrenoreceptors are linked to increased body fat and obesity.
Nutrigenomics
- Dietary effects on gene expression can occur through direct DNA structural changes or epigenetic mechanisms.
- Carcinogens and free radicals can cause DNA damage and mutations.
- Epigenetics involves modifications like methylation and histone modification, without affecting the DNA sequence.
- Folate plays a crucial role in DNA methylation.
Applications of Nutritional Genomics
- Increased understanding of the link between diet and disease could lead to new dietary guidelines.
- Personalized diets and lifestyle changes can be developed based on an individual's genetic makeup.
- Public health strategies can be developed to prevent and manage diseases more effectively.
Challenges of Nutritional Genomics
- Lack of knowledge and conflicting findings create a challenge for the field.
- The low prevalence and penetrance of some mutations make it difficult to study effectively.
- Ethical considerations regarding genetic testing need careful consideration.
Conclusion
- Humans and their diets are complex, requiring a multidisciplinary approach.
- Nutritional genomics can enhance public health nutrition, leading to more effective disease prevention and management.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the intersection of nutrition and genetics. This quiz covers key concepts of clinical nutrition, community nutrition, and molecular nutrition. Additionally, explore how DNA and genes influence dietary choices and health outcomes.
