Nutrition Science Total Energy Expenditure Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of these components of Total Energy Expenditure is the minimum amount of energy needed to sustain life?

Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT)

Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE) (correct)

Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

Activity Thermogenesis (AT)

What is the difference between Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)?

BMR is calculated using a formula, while RMR is measured directly using a metabolic chamber.

BMR is a higher value than RMR because it includes the energy used for digestion.

RMR is measured in the morning after a 12-hour fast, while BMR can be measured at any time of day.

BMR is measured in the morning after a 12-hour fast, while RMR can be measured at any time of day. (correct)

Which of these factors would NOT contribute to an increase in Total Energy Expenditure (EE)?

A longer period of sleep (correct)

Increased muscle mass

A higher body temperature

Increased physical activity

What does the term "Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT)" refer to?

The energy expended during activities like fidgeting, standing, and walking around. (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT a component of Total Metabolic Rate (MR)?

Metabolic Rate for Weight Loss (MRWL) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What are the key factors that influence an individual's Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) or Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)?

Body composition, body size, age, and gender (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)?

RMR is considered a more stringent measure than BMR and involves specific conditions (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a key factor that contributes to a higher REE in athletes compared to non-athletes?

A higher proportion of fat-free mass (FFM) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the gold standard method for measuring body composition, specifically for determining fat-free mass (FFM)?

Underwater weighing (hydrodensitometry) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods for measuring fat-free mass (FFM) is considered the most practical and inexpensive option?

Skinfold anthropometry (SFA) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is fat-free mass (FFM) considered a significant predictor of Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)?

Fat-free mass contains more active tissues like muscle, which consume more energy (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does body size influence Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)?

Larger body surface area leads to a higher REE, regardless of body composition (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR) and Total Energy Expenditure (TEE)?

TEE is significantly higher than BMR and reflects the total energy expended throughout the day, including activity (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these components contributes to a significant portion of Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE)?

Brain and liver (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) is usually higher than Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?

RMR is a more accurate measurement, as it accounts for individual variations in body composition and hormonal factors (D) Signup and view all the answers

What effect do body composition and hormonal status have on Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)?

Both body composition and hormonal status can significantly impact RMR. (A) Signup and view all the answers

How does age affect Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)?

RMR is highest during childhood and then decreases gradually throughout life after early adulthood. (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a reason why women have a lower Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR) than men, at the same weight?

Lower proportion of fat-free mass (FFM). (C) Signup and view all the answers

If someone is experiencing hyperthyroidism, what is the likely effect on their Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)?

RMR will increase due to increased metabolism. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How does exercise affect Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)?

Regular exercise increases RMR by increasing muscle mass. (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum dosage of Wegovy approved for weight management?

2.4 mg (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the hormone GLP-1?

Decreases blood glucose levels (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Ozempic as approved by the FDA?

Treatment of Type II diabetes (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which lifestyle modification strategy involves regularly weighing oneself?

Self-Monitoring (B) Signup and view all the answers

When was the higher dose version of Ozempic, known as Wegovy, approved for treating obesity in children?

January 2023 (C) Signup and view all the answers

How does the RMR change during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle?

It increases due to uterine lining growth. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of 300mg of caffeine on RMR?

Increases RMR by 8-15%. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient type has a greater thermic effect during digestion?

Carbohydrates and protein (A) Signup and view all the answers

What can contribute to a higher RMR in individuals living in tropical climates?

Higher ambient temperature. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does Activity Thermogenesis (AT) primarily depend on?

Physical activity during sports. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of these supplements is associated with serious adverse reactions, including deaths?

Senna (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary reasons that fat has a lower thermic effect compared to carbohydrates?

More energy is wasted in converting carbohydrates to fat. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following activities would NOT be categorized as Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT)?

Participating in a gym workout (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a major mechanism of action for Orlistat?

Inhibition of gastrointestinal lipase (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to take vitamin supplements and orlistat at least 2 hours apart?

Orlistat may hinder the absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about dietary supplements is true?

Less than 10% have documented safety tests (D) Signup and view all the answers

What concern is associated with the use of Orlistat?

It can cause fecal urgency and flatus with discharge (C) Signup and view all the answers

What trend was observed in the sales of dietary supplements from 1994 to 2012?

Sales increased significantly, peaking in 2012 (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which FDA-approved weight-loss drug primarily reduces food intake by lowering appetite?

Semaglutide (A) Signup and view all the answers

What historical milestone in food and drug safety happened in 1961?

Kefauver-Harris Amendment was introduced (A) Signup and view all the answers

What has been noted about dietary supplements in terms of regulation?

They operate under less strict guidelines than drugs (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Energy Balance & Weight Management

The lecture focuses on energy balance and weight management.
Recommended reading for this topic is Mahan, L.K., and Escott-Stump, S. Krause's Food and Nutrition Therapy, 12th edition, W.B. Saunders, 2008.
The professor's contact information is provided.

Part I: Focus on Energy Balance

This section focuses on the total metabolic rate (MR) or total energy expenditure (EE).
Energy is needed for several functions.
Activity thermogenesis (AT) accounts for 25-35% of physical activity.
Non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) includes daily living activities.
The thermic effect of food (TEF) ranges from 5-10% of the total energy expenditure.
A significant portion (60-65%) of BMR is for basal energy expenditure (BEE).

Basal Energy Expenditure (BEE)/Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)

BMR is the minimum amount of energy needed for normal body functions.
Respiration, circulation, turnover, and temperature regulation are key components.
The liver, brain, heart, and kidneys consume about 60% of BEE.
Measurements are taken in the morning after an overnight fast: 10 hrs after the last meal, drink, or smoke.
BMR is very consistent (60-70% of TEE).
Resting metabolic rate (RMR) is usually slightly higher (10-20%) than BMR (BEE).

Resting Energy Expenditure (REE)/Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR)

Factors affecting REE/RMR include:
- Body size (taller, thinner people tend to have a higher REE than shorter, wider people).
- Body composition (higher fat-free mass [FFM] typically results in a higher REE).
- Age (RMR is highest during puberty and decreases with aging).
- Gender (women generally have a slightly lower RMR than men when compared at the same weight).
- Hormonal status.
- Stress.
- Other factors like caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol.

Measuring Fat-Free Mass (FFM)

Methods to measure FFM include:
- Underwater weighing (hydrodensitometry).
- Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).
- Air displacement plethysmography (BOD POD).
- Skinfold anthropometry (SFA).
- Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA).

Measuring the Thermic Effect of Food (TEF)

TEF is the energy expenditure associated with food digestion, absorption, metabolism, and storage.
TEF for protein and carbohydrates is higher than for fat (carbohydrates: 25%, fat: 4%).
For practical purposes, TEF is estimated as 10% of total energy expenditure (TEE).

To estimate (TEE) use the doubly labeled water (DLW) method for complete activity.
Subtract the resting energy expenditure from the total energy expenditure values to get the activity components.
TEE = REE (RMR) + AT + TEF.

Devices for Monitoring Physical Activities

Examples of devices used to monitor physical activities.
Caltrac Monitor, Heart Rate Monitor- Uni axial (vertical plane).

Estimating Energy Requirements Based on Questionnaires

People often underestimate their food intake (10-45%).
Underestimation increases with age and is more common in women and obese individuals.
Certain foods like beer, chips, popcorn, pizza, pretzels, cookies, brownies, pancakes, waffles, cakes, pies, frozen dairy desserts, ready-to-eat cereals, and non-diet soft drinks are frequently underreported.

Estimated Energy Requirement (EER)

EER is the average intake to maintain a healthy lifestyle.
It takes into account age, gender, weight, height, and activity level.
EER estimations are important for children, pregnant people, and breastfeeding women to cover the physiological energy needs.

Calculating/Predicting EER

EER can be calculated with two parameters: Physical Activity Level (PAL) and physical activity coefficients (PA).
PAL = TEE/BEE
Physical activity levels (PALs) are used to estimate physical activity levels for sedentary people, low-active people, active people, and very active people (PA).
Different PALs have different physical activity coefficients.

Body Mass Index (BMI)

BMI is calculated as Weight/(Height)² (kg/m²).
Categories of weight: Normal, Overweight, Obese, Severely Obese, Morbidly Obese.
BMI values determine categories of weight.

Calculating Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) considering PA and BMI

Formula to estimate EER for men (19 years and older; BMI 18.5–25 kg/m²).
The calculation considers age, physical activity, weight, and height.

Overweight and obese Men (BMI ≥25 kg/m²)

Formula used for calculating TEE for overweight and obese men (19 years and older; BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²).

Body Weight Components

Body weight components, essential and storage fat, as well as fat-free mass (FFM).
Lean body mass (LBM) is a critical component, consisting primarily of skeletal muscles, water, bone, and a small amount of essential fat.

Body Fat

Essential vs. storage fat.
Storage fat is primarily triglycerides and is considered expendable.

Fat Cell Development - Hypertrophy & Hyperplasia

Adipose tissue may increase in size (hypertrophy) or number (hyperplasia).
Hypertrophy encompasses a larger size of existing fat cells.

Regulation of Body Weight

Regulation of body weight involves numerous factors: various neurochemicals, body fat stores, protein mass, and hormones.
Short-term regulation manages food intake throughout the day.
Long-term regulation balances the body's energy needs, depending on the amount of adipose stores.
Glycemic index (GI) helps measure how quickly carbohydrate-containing foods raise blood glucose.

Commercial Diet Programs

The effectiveness of commercial weight-loss programs is questionable.
Controlled trials are needed to assess their effectiveness.

Natural Weight-Loss Aids

The market for over-the-counter weight-loss supplements has exploded.
Products that may be unproven effectively for weight loss have shown potential risks and hazards.

Drugs and Dietary Supplements

Proof of safety and efficacy is needed for drugs; no such requirements are needed for dietary supplements.

Milestones in Food and Drug Safety

History of food and drug safety regulation, including milestones like the Pure Food and Drug Act, the FDA establishment, the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, and the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act.
These acts aimed to standardize safety and quality standards needed in the market and ensure that products are appropriately assessed.

Other sections:

Included other information from the provided documents (like pharmacology and specific examples of weight-loss drugs and their functions).

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Description

Test your knowledge on Total Energy Expenditure and its components including Basal Metabolic Rate and Resting Metabolic Rate. This quiz explores concepts such as Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis and the factors influencing Resting Energy Expenditure. Challenge yourself to understand the key factors that affect metabolic rates and body composition measurement methods.