Nutrition Module 8.1: Digestive System and Essential Fatty Acids
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Questions and Answers

What is the main function of essential nutrients in an animal's diet?

  • To synthesize macromolecules from simpler organic molecules
  • To provide energy for cellular processes
  • To maintain homeostatic balance
  • To catalyze biosynthesis reactions (correct)
  • Which of the following is NOT a class of essential nutrients?

  • Vitamins
  • Essential fatty acids
  • Essential amino acids
  • Proteins (correct)
  • What is a characteristic of fat-soluble vitamins?

  • They are essential for humans
  • They are synthesized by the body
  • They are required in large amounts
  • They are insoluble in water (correct)
  • What is the term for a failure to obtain adequate nutrition?

    <p>Malnutrition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many amino acids do animals require from their diet?

    <p>20</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for animals that eat both plants and animals?

    <p>Omnivores</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern when individuals consume only plant proteins?

    <p>They may not get all the essential amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the benefit of consuming Golden Rice?

    <p>It is converted into Vitamin A in the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process called when food particles are engulfed by phagocytosis?

    <p>Intracellular Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the breakdown of food particles outside of cells?

    <p>Extracellular Digestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a deficiency in essential nutrients?

    <p>Deformities, disease, and death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of body plan is associated with a gastrovascular cavity?

    <p>Simple body plan</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of salivary glands in the mammalian digestive system?

    <p>To secrete digestive juices through ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of feeder sifts small food particles in water?

    <p>Suspension Feeders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the alimentary canal?

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the passage of undigested material out of the digestive system?

    <p>Elimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of feeder eats relatively large pieces of food?

    <p>Bulk Feeders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments in the alimentary canal?

    <p>Sphincters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the parietal cells in the stomach?

    <p>To secrete hydrogen and chloride ions into the stomach cavity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the swallowing reflex failing and food or liquids reaching the trachea?

    <p>Coughing occurs to expel the food or liquids from the trachea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the disease that occurs when gastric juices from the stomach flow back into the esophagus?

    <p>Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the sphincters in the stomach?

    <p>To regulate the entry of chyme into the small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process by which the esophagus conducts food to the stomach?

    <p>Peristalsis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the enzyme that is secreted by chief cells in the stomach and breaks down proteins into smaller peptides?

    <p>Pepsinogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the colon in the digestive system?

    <p>To reabsorb water and electrolytes from the waste material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the appendix in the human body?

    <p>It plays a minor role in immunity and aids in the digestion of cellulose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following hormones suppresses appetite and plays a role in regulating body fat levels?

    <p>Leptin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ruminant digestive system?

    <p>To ferment cellulose in plant material</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following systems helps to regulate the digestive process?

    <p>The enteric division of the nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis in the human body?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nutrition

    • Essential fatty acids must be obtained from the diet and include certain unsaturated fatty acids.
    • Animals can synthesize most fatty acids needed, but deficiencies in fatty acids are rare.
    • Vitamins are organic molecules required in the diet in very small amounts, with 13 essential vitamins for humans.
    • There are two categories of vitamins: fat-soluble and water-soluble.
    • An animal's diet must provide chemical energy for cellular processes, organic building blocks for macromolecules, and essential nutrients.

    Essential Nutrients

    • Essential nutrients are materials that an animal cannot assemble from simpler organic molecules.
    • There are four classes of essential nutrients: essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals.
    • Essential amino acids are required by animals and must be obtained from food preassembled.
    • Meat, eggs, and cheese provide all the essential amino acids and are thus "complete" proteins.
    • Deficiencies in essential nutrients can cause deformities, disease, and death.

    The Digestive Process

    • Intracellular digestion involves the breakdown of food particles inside cells.
    • Extracellular digestion occurs outside of cells in compartments continuous with the outside of the animal's body.
    • The alimentary canal is a digestive tube with two openings, seen in more complex animals.
    • The stages of food processing are ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination.
    • Strategies for extracting resources include suspension feeding, substrate feeding, fluid feeding, and bulk feeding.

    The Mammalian Digestive System

    • The mammalian digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices.
    • The accessory glands include salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder.
    • Food is pushed along by peristalsis, rhythmic contractions of muscles in the wall of the canal.
    • Sphincters are valves that regulate the movement of material between compartments.

    Chemical Digestion in the Stomach

    • Gastric juice has a low pH of about 2, which kills bacteria and denatures proteins.
    • Pepsin cleaves proteins into smaller peptides.
    • Parietal cells secrete hydrogen and chloride ions separately into the stomach cavity.
    • Chief cells secrete inactive pepsinogen, which is activated to pepsin when mixed with HCI in the stomach.

    The Small Intestine

    • The small intestine is the longest compartment of the alimentary canal.
    • It is where most nutrient absorption occurs.
    • The human cecum has an extension called the appendix, which plays a minor role in immunity.
    • Herbivores have fermentation chambers, where mutualistic microorganisms digest cellulose.

    Regulation of Digestion

    • Each step in the digestive system is activated as needed.
    • The enteric division of the nervous system helps to regulate the digestive process.
    • The endocrine system also regulates digestion through the release and transport of hormones.
    • Insulin and PYY are hormones secreted by the small intestine after meals, which suppress appetite.
    • Leptin is produced by adipose tissue, which suppresses appetite and plays a role in regulating body fat levels.

    Glucose Homeostasis

    • Glucose is a major fuel for cellular respiration and a key source of carbon skeletons for biosynthesis.
    • Insulin and glucagon are hormones that regulate the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.

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    Description

    Learn about the process of digestion and the importance of essential fatty acids in the diet. Discover how animals synthesize fatty acids and their roles in the body.

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