Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary dietary factor contributing to simple obesity?
What is the primary dietary factor contributing to simple obesity?
What is a non-dietary factor that can contribute to obesity?
What is a non-dietary factor that can contribute to obesity?
Which of the following is a complication of obesity?
Which of the following is a complication of obesity?
What is the first step in the 4-step approach to evaluating patients with obesity?
What is the first step in the 4-step approach to evaluating patients with obesity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a metabolic disease that can be complicated by obesity?
What is a metabolic disease that can be complicated by obesity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a mental health complication of obesity?
Which of the following is a mental health complication of obesity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a cancer type that is related to obesity?
What is a cancer type that is related to obesity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a consequence of obesity on quality of life?
What is a consequence of obesity on quality of life?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a physical health complication of obesity?
What is a physical health complication of obesity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is another term for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?
What is another term for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Definition and Classification of Malnutrition
- Malnutrition: bad nourishment, not enough or too much food, wrong types of food, or inability to use nutrients properly
- Classified into two types: undernutrition and overnutrition
Undernutrition
- Undernutrition: depletion of energy (calories) from insufficient food intake over time
- Types:
- Starvation: extreme undernutrition
- Famine: severe food shortage in a community
- Specific nutrient deficiency: e.g., vitamin A deficiency, iodine deficiency
Nutritional Anemia
- Definition: deficiency of hemoglobin concentration in blood below the healthy range according to sex and age
- Prevalence:
- Children: 11-12%
- Adults: Men 14-18 gm/dl, Women 12-16 gm/dl, Pregnant women 11 gm/dl
- Types:
- Iron deficiency anemia
- Vitamin B12 and folate deficiency anemia
Iron Deficiency Anemia
- Causes:
- Dietary deficiency
- Increased loss
- Malabsorption
- Increased expenditure
- Factors influencing iron absorption:
- Heme iron: efficiently absorbed from animal food sources (25%)
- Nonheme iron: present in plant-based foods, absorbed with a mean of 17%
- Enhancing factors: vitamin C, animal muscle tissue
- Inhibiting factors: phytates, tannins, calcium, polyphenols, soybean proteins
Calcium Deficiency
- Risk factors:
- Deficient dietary intake
- Malabsorption, hypoparathyroidism, malabsorptive bowel disease
- Manifestations:
- Decreased bone mass and osteoporotic fracture in adults
- Rickets in children
- Increased risk of kidney stones and colon cancer
Rickets
- Definition: defective calcification of osteoid and epiphyseal cartilage of growing bones
- Affects children between 6-24 months
- Causes: deficiency of vitamin D and/or calcium
- Manifestations:
- Skeletal: enlarged metaphyseal ends of long bones, deformities, rachitic rosary, softening of skull bones
- Non-skeletal: hypotonia, tetany, convulsions, chest infections
Osteomalacia and Osteoporosis
- Osteomalacia: bone disease of rarefaction and softening of bones due to calcium deficiency
- Osteoporosis: bone mineral density of 2.5 standard deviation or more below the mean peak bone mass
- Manifestations:
- Osteomalacia: bone aches, tender bony prominences, uneven gait
- Osteoporosis: fragility fractures, increased risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis
Dietary Recommendations for Calcium
- DRIs for calcium:
- Children aged 1-3 years: 700 mg/d
- Children aged 4-8 years: 1000 mg/d
- Adolescents: 1300 mg/d
- Younger adults: 1000 mg/d
- Women over 51 years: 1200 mg/d
- Men and women over 70 years: 1200 mg/d
- Natural food sources: dairy foods, fortified foods (calcium-fortified soymilk, calcium-fortified orange juice)
Prevention of Calcium Deficiency
- Fortified foods: calcium-fortified soymilk, calcium-fortified orange juice
- Plant-based milk alternative beverages: fortified soy milk, others not evaluated for calcium bioavailability
Overnutrition
- Definition: pathological state resulting from the consumption of excessive quantity of food over an extended period
- Health hazards associated with overnutrition:
- Excess energy intake: obesity
- Excess sugar intake: dental caries, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes
- Excess fat and cholesterol intake: atherosclerosis, coronary heart diseases
- Excess protein intake: gout, kidney diseases
- Excess fat-soluble vitamins: toxicity, liver disease
- Excess minerals (fluoride): dental fluorosis
- Excess sodium intake: water retention, hypertension
Obesity
- Definition: disease with genetic, environmental, and behavioral determinants that confers increased morbidity and mortality
- Aetiology:
- Dietary factors: excess intake, reduced expenditure (sedentary life)
- Non-dietary factors: genetic and hormonal defects, metabolic disorders, hypothalamus disorder
- Complications:
- Metabolic diseases (dislipidemia, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome)
- Osteoarthritis
- Sleep apnea and breathing problems
- Many types of cancer
- Low quality of life
- Mental illness (clinical depression, anxiety)
- Body pain and difficulty with physical functioning
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers the definition and classification of malnutrition, its causes, and strategies for prevention and treatment. It's a crucial part of the nutrition course, focusing on the importance of proper nourishment for maintaining health.
