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Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements best defines an essential nutrient?
Which of the following statements best defines an essential nutrient?
- A nutrient that can be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts.
- A nutrient that is not required for any physiological function.
- A chemical/substance required for metabolism but cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts. (correct)
- A substance that only provides energy without any nutritional benefits.
Which nutrient deficiency is associated with the disease "Beriberi"?
Which nutrient deficiency is associated with the disease "Beriberi"?
- Thiamine (Vitamin B1) (correct)
- Vitamin C
- Vitamin D
- Iron
What are the four characteristics of a nutritious diet mentioned in the lecture?
What are the four characteristics of a nutritious diet mentioned in the lecture?
- High-Fat, High-Protein, Low-Carbohydrate, Varied
- Adequate, Moderate, Balanced, Varied (correct)
- Low-Calorie, Protein-Rich, Balanced, Varied
- Essential, Balanced, Organic, Varied
What does the term "Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)" represent?
What does the term "Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)" represent?
Which of the following is NOT considered a function of water in the human body?
Which of the following is NOT considered a function of water in the human body?
Which method is commonly used to determine the crude fat content in food?
Which method is commonly used to determine the crude fat content in food?
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of the proximate analysis?
Which of the following is NOT a limitation of the proximate analysis?
What does "crude fiber" analysis primarily measure?
What does "crude fiber" analysis primarily measure?
Which of the following is a potential source of error in the nitrogen (protein) analysis using the Kjeldahl method?
Which of the following is a potential source of error in the nitrogen (protein) analysis using the Kjeldahl method?
What does the term "Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE)" estimate in food analysis?
What does the term "Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE)" estimate in food analysis?
Which of the following animals has a simple digestive system without a functional caecum?
Which of the following animals has a simple digestive system without a functional caecum?
In ruminant digestion, which stomach compartment is known as the "true stomach"?
In ruminant digestion, which stomach compartment is known as the "true stomach"?
Which part of the avian digestive system is responsible for grinding and mechanically digesting food?
Which part of the avian digestive system is responsible for grinding and mechanically digesting food?
What is the primary function of the caecum in animals with a simple system with a functional caecum (e.g., horse)?
What is the primary function of the caecum in animals with a simple system with a functional caecum (e.g., horse)?
Which enzyme is released in the mouth to begin carbohydrate digestion?
Which enzyme is released in the mouth to begin carbohydrate digestion?
Which method is more suitable for wild animals to measure digestibility?
Which method is more suitable for wild animals to measure digestibility?
What is the main limitation of the Apparent Digestibility method?
What is the main limitation of the Apparent Digestibility method?
Which marker characteristic is NOT necessary for the Indicator Method?
Which marker characteristic is NOT necessary for the Indicator Method?
What does True Digestibility account for that Apparent Digestibility does not?
What does True Digestibility account for that Apparent Digestibility does not?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence digestion efficiency?
Which of the following factors does NOT influence digestion efficiency?
What is the primary cellular source of energy in the human body?
What is the primary cellular source of energy in the human body?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the difference between a Chemistry calorie and a Food Calorie?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the difference between a Chemistry calorie and a Food Calorie?
Which method directly measures the energy stored in the chemical bonds of foods?
Which method directly measures the energy stored in the chemical bonds of foods?
Why does fat provide more calories per gram compared to carbohydrates or protein?
Why does fat provide more calories per gram compared to carbohydrates or protein?
Which component is NOT considered when calculating the Net Energy from food?
Which component is NOT considered when calculating the Net Energy from food?
Which of the following is NOT a primary component of total energy expenditure?
Which of the following is NOT a primary component of total energy expenditure?
What is the main factor that influences Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
What is the main factor that influences Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)?
Which method is the most practical for measuring total energy expenditure in a free-living environment?
Which method is the most practical for measuring total energy expenditure in a free-living environment?
What does the Respiratory Quotient (RQ) indicate when measuring energy metabolism?
What does the Respiratory Quotient (RQ) indicate when measuring energy metabolism?
When the RQ value is 0.7, which macronutrient is predominantly being metabolized for energy?
When the RQ value is 0.7, which macronutrient is predominantly being metabolized for energy?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of carbohydrates in the body?
Which metabolic pathway is responsible for breaking down glycogen to release glucose into the blood?
Which metabolic pathway is responsible for breaking down glycogen to release glucose into the blood?
Which enzyme is considered the "gatekeeper" to the Krebs cycle?
Which enzyme is considered the "gatekeeper" to the Krebs cycle?
During anaerobic metabolism, pyruvate is converted into which compound to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue?
During anaerobic metabolism, pyruvate is converted into which compound to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue?
Which of the following metabolic pathways is primarily used to generate NADPH and precursors for nucleotide synthesis?
Which of the following metabolic pathways is primarily used to generate NADPH and precursors for nucleotide synthesis?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of lipids in the body?
Which of the following is NOT a primary function of lipids in the body?
Which of the following fatty acids is considered essential because the human body cannot synthesize it?
Which of the following fatty acids is considered essential because the human body cannot synthesize it?
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down triglycerides in the stomach?
Which enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down triglycerides in the stomach?
What is the primary purpose of bile salts in lipid digestion?
What is the primary purpose of bile salts in lipid digestion?
Which type of fatty acid configuration is associated with increased fluidity in cell membranes?
Which type of fatty acid configuration is associated with increased fluidity in cell membranes?
Which lipoprotein is often referred to as "good cholesterol" due to its role in reverse cholesterol transport?
Which lipoprotein is often referred to as "good cholesterol" due to its role in reverse cholesterol transport?
What is the primary function of Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) in lipid metabolism?
What is the primary function of Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) in lipid metabolism?
Which process allows HDL to pick up cholesterol from tissues and return it to the liver?
Which process allows HDL to pick up cholesterol from tissues and return it to the liver?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding trans fatty acids?
Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding trans fatty acids?
Which lipid-related enzyme is inhibited by insulin, thereby preventing the breakdown of stored triglycerides?
Which lipid-related enzyme is inhibited by insulin, thereby preventing the breakdown of stored triglycerides?
Flashcards
Essential Nutrient
Essential Nutrient
Substance required for metabolism, but not made in sufficient amounts by the body.
Beriberi
Beriberi
A disease caused by thiamine (Vitamin B1) deficiency.
Nutritious Diet Characteristics
Nutritious Diet Characteristics
A diet that provides needed nutrients in adequate amounts, with moderation, balance, and variety.
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
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Water's Function in the Body
Water's Function in the Body
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Ether Extract Method
Ether Extract Method
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Limitation of Proximate Analysis
Limitation of Proximate Analysis
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Crude Fiber Analysis
Crude Fiber Analysis
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Kjeldahl Method Error Source
Kjeldahl Method Error Source
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Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE)
Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE)
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Human Digestive System
Human Digestive System
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Abomasum
Abomasum
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Gizzard Function
Gizzard Function
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Caecum Function
Caecum Function
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α-amylase
α-amylase
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Indicator Method
Indicator Method
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Apparent Digestibility Limitation
Apparent Digestibility Limitation
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Indicator Method Characteristic
Indicator Method Characteristic
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True Digestibility
True Digestibility
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Factors Influencing Digestion
Factors Influencing Digestion
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
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Food Calorie vs Chemistry Calorie
Food Calorie vs Chemistry Calorie
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Bomb Calorimetry
Bomb Calorimetry
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Why Fat Provides More Calories
Why Fat Provides More Calories
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Net Energy Calculation
Net Energy Calculation
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Total Energy Expenditure Component
Total Energy Expenditure Component
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Main Factor Influencing BMR
Main Factor Influencing BMR
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Practical Method for Measuring Energy Expenditure
Practical Method for Measuring Energy Expenditure
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Respiratory Quotient (RQ) Indication
Respiratory Quotient (RQ) Indication
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RQ 0.7
RQ 0.7
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Not a Function of Carbohydrates
Not a Function of Carbohydrates
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Metabolic Pathway of Glycogen Breakdown
Metabolic Pathway of Glycogen Breakdown
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"Gatekeeper" Enzyme to Krebs Cycle
"Gatekeeper" Enzyme to Krebs Cycle
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Pyruvate Conversion During Anaerobic Metabolism
Pyruvate Conversion During Anaerobic Metabolism
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NADPH and Nucleotide Synthesis Pathway
NADPH and Nucleotide Synthesis Pathway
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Not a Function of Lipids
Not a Function of Lipids
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Essential Fatty Acid
Essential Fatty Acid
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Enzyme Breaking Down Triglycerides in Stomach
Enzyme Breaking Down Triglycerides in Stomach
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Purpose of Bile Salts
Purpose of Bile Salts
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Fatty Acid Configuration and Fluid Membranes
Fatty Acid Configuration and Fluid Membranes
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"Good Cholesterol"
"Good Cholesterol"
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Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)
Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL)
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Picking Up Cholesterol
Picking Up Cholesterol
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True Statements of Trans Fatty Acids
True Statements of Trans Fatty Acids
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Enzyme Inhibited by Insulin
Enzyme Inhibited by Insulin
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Study Notes
- Essential nutrients are chemical substances required for metabolism that the body cannot synthesize in sufficient amounts.
- Beriberi is associated with a deficiency in Thiamine (Vitamin B1).
- The four characteristics of a nutritious diet are that is should be adequate, moderate, balanced, and varied.
- The "Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)" is the average daily level of intake sufficient to meet the nutrient requirements of nearly all (97-98%) healthy individuals.
- Providing direct energy to the body's cells is NOT a function of water in the human body
- The ether extract method is commonly used to determine the crude fat content in food.
- Accurately measuring soluble fibers is not a limitation of proximate analysis.
- "Crude fiber" analysis primarily measures only insoluble fibers like cellulose and lignin.
- A potential source of error in nitrogen (protein) analysis using the Kjeldahl method is that it assumes all nitrogen is protein-based.
- The term "Nitrogen Free Extract (NFE)" estimates starch and sugar content in food analysis.
- Humans have a simple digestive system without a functional caecum.
- In ruminant digestion, the abomasum stomach compartment is known as the "true stomach".
- The gizzard part of the avian digestive system is responsible for grinding and mechanically digesting food.
- The primary function of the caecum in animals with a simple system (e.g., horse) is bacterial fermentation and production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA).
- a-amylase the enzyme is released in the mouth to begin carbohydrate digestion.
- The indicator method / marker technique is more suitable for wild animals to measure digestibility.
- The main limitation of the Apparent Digestibility method is that it does not account for endogenous secretions and bacterial synthesis.
- Affecting gastrointestinal function is NOT a necessary marker characteristic for the Indicator Method.
- True Digestibility accounts for endogenous secretions and nutrient synthesis in the gut, unlike Apparent Digestibility.
- Color of the food does NOT influence digestion efficiency.
- ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is the primary cellular source of energy in the human body.
- 1 Food Calorie is equivalent to 4.18 kilojoules (kJ).
- Bomb Calorimetry is a method that directly measures the energy stored in the chemical bonds of foods.
- Fat provides more calories per gram because it has a greater ratio of hydrogen to oxygen, allowing more energy to be released during oxidation.
- Calories from water are NOT considered when calculating the Net Energy from food.
- Water intake is NOT a primary component of total energy expenditure.
- Muscle and bone mass is the main factor that influences Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).
- Indirect Calorimetry is the most practical method for measuring total energy expenditure in a free-living environment.
- The Respiratory Quotient (RQ) indicates the proportion of carbohydrates and fats being used for energy when measuring energy metabolism.
- When the RQ value is 0.7, fat is predominantly being metabolized for energy.
- Acting as the primary storage form of fat in adipose tissue is NOT a primary function of carbohydrates in the body.
- Glycogenolysis metabolic pathway is responsible for breaking down glycogen to release glucose into the blood.
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase considered the "gatekeeper" to the Krebs cycle.
- During anaerobic metabolism, pyruvate is converted into lactate to regenerate NAD+ and allow glycolysis to continue.
- The Hexose Monophosphate Shunt (Pentose Phosphate Pathway) is primarily used to generate NADPH and precursors for nucleotide synthesis.
- Being the primary component of bone structure is NOT a primary function of lipids in the body.
- Linoleic Acid (18:2 n-6) is considered essential because the human body cannot synthesize it.
- Gastric lipase enzyme is primarily responsible for breaking down triglycerides in the stomach.
- The primary purpose of bile salts in lipid digestion is to emulsify fats and improve solubility in the intestinal lumen.
- Polyunsaturated fatty acid configuration is associated with increased fluidity in cell membranes.
- High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) is often referred to as "good cholesterol" because of its role in reverse cholesterol transport.
- The primary function of Lipoprotein Lipase (LPL) in lipid metabolism is hydrolyzing triglycerides in lipoproteins to release fatty acids.
- Reverse Cholesterol Transport process allows HDL to pick up cholesterol from tissues and return it to the liver.
- Industrial trans fats increase LDL cholesterol and inflammation.
- Hormone Sensitive Lipase (HSL) lipid-related enzyme is inhibited by insulin, thereby preventing the breakdown of stored triglycerides.
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Description
Explore essential nutrients, vitamin deficiencies like Beriberi, and the characteristics of a nutritious diet. Understand the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) and the functions of water in the body. Learn about methods like ether extract and Kjeldahl for analyzing food composition.
