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What are the different areas of the tongue used to detect sweet, salty, sour, and bitter substances?
What are the different areas of the tongue used to detect sweet, salty, sour, and bitter substances?
Ruminants like cattle have a large sac-like structure called the Caecum for digestion of cellulose.
Ruminants like cattle have a large sac-like structure called the Caecum for digestion of cellulose.
True
During rumination, the cud returns to the animal's mouth and the process is called __________.
During rumination, the cud returns to the animal's mouth and the process is called __________.
rumination
List the components of food mentioned in the passage.
List the components of food mentioned in the passage.
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Starfish feeds on animals covered by hard shells of calcium carbonate. It pops out its ________ to eat the soft animal inside the shell.
Starfish feeds on animals covered by hard shells of calcium carbonate. It pops out its ________ to eat the soft animal inside the shell.
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What are the components of the human digestive system? (Select all that apply)
What are the components of the human digestive system? (Select all that apply)
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Saliva breaks down starch into complex carbohydrates.
Saliva breaks down starch into complex carbohydrates.
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Match the type of teeth with their functions:
Match the type of teeth with their functions:
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The main steps of nutrition in humans are __________, __________, __________, _________ and __________.
The main steps of nutrition in humans are __________, __________, __________, _________ and __________.
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The largest gland in the human body is __________.
The largest gland in the human body is __________.
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The stomach releases hydrochloric acid and ___________ juices which act on food.
The stomach releases hydrochloric acid and ___________ juices which act on food.
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The inner wall of the small intestine has many finger-like outgrowths called _________.
The inner wall of the small intestine has many finger-like outgrowths called _________.
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Amoeba digests its food in the ____________.
Amoeba digests its food in the ____________.
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Digestion of starch starts in the stomach.
Digestion of starch starts in the stomach.
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The tongue helps in mixing food with saliva.
The tongue helps in mixing food with saliva.
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The gall bladder temporarily stores bile.
The gall bladder temporarily stores bile.
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The ruminants bring back swallowed grass into their mouth and chew it for some time.
The ruminants bring back swallowed grass into their mouth and chew it for some time.
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Fat is completely digested in the
Fat is completely digested in the
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Water from the undigested food is absorbed mainly in the
Water from the undigested food is absorbed mainly in the
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Match the items of Column I with those given in Column II:
Match the items of Column I with those given in Column II:
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What are villi? What is their location and function?
What are villi? What is their location and function?
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Where is the bile produced? Which component of the food does it help to digest?
Where is the bile produced? Which component of the food does it help to digest?
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Name the type of carbohydrate that can be digested by ruminants but not by humans. Give the reason also.
Name the type of carbohydrate that can be digested by ruminants but not by humans. Give the reason also.
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Why do we get instant energy from glucose?
Why do we get instant energy from glucose?
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Which part of the digestive canal is involved in:
Which part of the digestive canal is involved in:
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Write one similarity and one difference between the nutrition in amoeba and human beings.
Write one similarity and one difference between the nutrition in amoeba and human beings.
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Match the items of Column I with suitable items in Column II
Match the items of Column I with suitable items in Column II
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Study Notes
Nutrition in Animals
Different Ways of Taking Food
- Animals take in food through various modes, such as sucking (bees, humming-birds), feeding on mother's milk (infants, some animals), and swallowing prey whole (snakes like pythons)
- Other animals filter tiny food particles from water or feed on nearby floating particles (some aquatic animals)
Digestion in Humans
- The digestive system includes the alimentary canal, digestive tract, and associated glands
- The alimentary canal extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the buccal cavity, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
- The stomach breaks down food mechanically and chemically, and the small intestine absorbs the digested food
- The large intestine absorbs water and salts, and the remaining waste is removed through the anus
Teeth and Digestion
- Humans have milk teeth that fall off between 6-8 years and are replaced by permanent teeth
- Teeth vary in appearance and function, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
- Chewing and breaking down food mechanically is an essential part of digestion
- Saliva breaks down starch into sugars
Saliva and Starch
- Saliva contains an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars
- Experiment: take two test tubes, add boiled rice to one and chewed boiled rice to the other, add iodine solution, and observe the change in color
Tongue and Taste
- The tongue has taste buds that detect sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tastes
- Experiment: prepare sugar solution, common salt solution, lemon juice, and bitter gourd juice, and test the tongue's sensitivity to each taste
Foodpipe and Windpipe
- The foodpipe and windpipe share a common passage in the throat
- During swallowing, a flap-like valve closes the windpipe and guides food into the foodpipe
- Experiment: observe how food particles enter the windpipe and cause choking or coughing
Oesophagus and Stomach
- The oesophagus pushes food down into the stomach through muscular contractions
- The stomach secretes mucous, hydrochloric acid, and digestive juices to break down food
- The stomach's inner lining is protected from acid by mucous
Small Intestine and Liver
- The small intestine receives secretions from the liver and pancreas and breaks down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
- The liver secretes bile juice that helps digest fats
- The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice that acts on carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Large Intestine and Digestion
- The large intestine absorbs water and salts from undigested food material
- The remaining waste passes into the rectum and is removed through the anus
- Absorption in the small intestine allows for the building of complex substances in the body
Digestion in Grass-Eating Animals
- Grass-eating animals, such as cows and buffaloes, have a rumen in their stomach that breaks down cellulose
- They also have a large sac-like structure called the Caecum between the oesophagus and small intestine
- These adaptations help them digest cellulose, which many animals, including humans, cannot digest### Digestive System in Ruminants
- Ruminants, like cattle, deer, and goats, have a specialized digestive system that allows them to digest cellulose, a type of carbohydrate found in grass.
- The digestive process in ruminants involves a four-chambered stomach, where bacteria break down cellulose into simpler substances.
- The grass is first ingested and stored in the rumen, where it is partially digested.
- The partially digested food, called cud, is then regurgitated and chewed again, a process called rumination.
- The cud is then passed into the small intestine, where it is further digested and absorbed into the bloodstream.
Digestive System in Amoeba
- Amoeba, a single-celled organism, has a unique way of ingesting and digesting food.
- Amoeba uses its pseudopodia (false feet) to engulf and capture food particles.
- The food is then digested in a food vacuole, where digestive juices break down the food into simpler substances.
- The digested food is then absorbed into the cell, and the waste is expelled outside the cell.
Human Digestive System
- The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and associated digestive glands.
- The alimentary canal includes the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
- The digestive glands include the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas.
- The digestive process in humans involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.
Nutrition in Animals
- Nutrition in animals involves the process of obtaining nutrients from food, including ingestion, digestion, absorption, and assimilation.
- There are different modes of feeding in various organisms, including grazing, predation, and filter feeding.
- The nutrients obtained from food are used for growth, maintenance, and multiplication.
Key Concepts
- Absorption: The process of taking in nutrients from food into the bloodstream.
- Assimilation: The process of using absorbed nutrients for growth, maintenance, and multiplication.
- Digestion: The process of breaking down food into simpler substances.
- Egestion: The process of expelling undigested and unabsorbed food residues from the body.
- Ingestion: The process of taking in food into the body.
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Description
Learn about the different ways animals take in food and how they digest it. This chapter covers the basics of animal nutrition.
