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Nutrition in Animals Chapter 2
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Nutrition in Animals Chapter 2

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Questions and Answers

What are the different areas of the tongue used to detect sweet, salty, sour, and bitter substances?

  • Top, bottom, middle
  • Center, edges
  • Tip, sides, back (correct)
  • Front, back, left, right

    • Ruminants like cattle have a large sac-like structure called the Caecum for digestion of cellulose.

    True

    During rumination, the cud returns to the animal's mouth and the process is called __________.

    rumination

    List the components of food mentioned in the passage.

    <ol> <li>Carbohydrates, 2. Proteins, 3. Fats, 4. Vitamins, 5. Minerals, 6. Water</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    Starfish feeds on animals covered by hard shells of calcium carbonate. It pops out its ________ to eat the soft animal inside the shell.

    <p>stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of the human digestive system? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Stomach</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Saliva breaks down starch into complex carbohydrates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of teeth with their functions:

    <p>Cutting and biting teeth = Incisor Piercing and tearing teeth = Canine Chewing and grinding teeth = Molar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main steps of nutrition in humans are __________, __________, __________, _________ and __________.

    <p>ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, egestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The largest gland in the human body is __________.

    <p>liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The stomach releases hydrochloric acid and ___________ juices which act on food.

    <p>digestive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The inner wall of the small intestine has many finger-like outgrowths called _________.

    <p>villi</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Amoeba digests its food in the ____________.

    <p>food vacuole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Digestion of starch starts in the stomach.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The tongue helps in mixing food with saliva.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The gall bladder temporarily stores bile.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ruminants bring back swallowed grass into their mouth and chew it for some time.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fat is completely digested in the

    <p>small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water from the undigested food is absorbed mainly in the

    <p>large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the items of Column I with those given in Column II:

    <p>Carbohydrates = Fatty acids and glycerol Proteins = Amino acids Fats = Sugar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are villi? What is their location and function?

    <p>Villi are tiny finger-like projections in the small intestine that increase surface area for nutrient absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where is the bile produced? Which component of the food does it help to digest?

    <p>Bile is produced in the liver and it helps to digest fats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the type of carbohydrate that can be digested by ruminants but not by humans. Give the reason also.

    <p>Cellulose. Ruminants have specialized microorganisms in their digestive system that can break down cellulose.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do we get instant energy from glucose?

    <p>Glucose is a simple sugar that can be readily absorbed and utilized by cells for energy production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the digestive canal is involved in:

    <p>(i) absorption of food: small intestine (ii) chewing of food: mouth (iii) killing of bacteria: stomach (iv) complete digestion of food: small intestine (v) formation of faeces: large intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Write one similarity and one difference between the nutrition in amoeba and human beings.

    <p>Similarity: Both amoeba and humans undergo processes like ingestion, digestion, and absorption. Difference: Amoeba lacks a definite digestive system and absorbs nutrients through its cell membrane.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the items of Column I with suitable items in Column II

    <p>Salivary gland = Saliva secretion Stomach = Acid release Liver = Bile juice secretion Rectum = Release of faeces Small intestine = Digestion is completed Large intestine = Absorption of water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nutrition in Animals

    Different Ways of Taking Food

    • Animals take in food through various modes, such as sucking (bees, humming-birds), feeding on mother's milk (infants, some animals), and swallowing prey whole (snakes like pythons)
    • Other animals filter tiny food particles from water or feed on nearby floating particles (some aquatic animals)

    Digestion in Humans

    • The digestive system includes the alimentary canal, digestive tract, and associated glands
    • The alimentary canal extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the buccal cavity, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
    • The stomach breaks down food mechanically and chemically, and the small intestine absorbs the digested food
    • The large intestine absorbs water and salts, and the remaining waste is removed through the anus

    Teeth and Digestion

    • Humans have milk teeth that fall off between 6-8 years and are replaced by permanent teeth
    • Teeth vary in appearance and function, including incisors, canines, premolars, and molars
    • Chewing and breaking down food mechanically is an essential part of digestion
    • Saliva breaks down starch into sugars

    Saliva and Starch

    • Saliva contains an enzyme that breaks down starch into sugars
    • Experiment: take two test tubes, add boiled rice to one and chewed boiled rice to the other, add iodine solution, and observe the change in color

    Tongue and Taste

    • The tongue has taste buds that detect sweet, salty, sour, and bitter tastes
    • Experiment: prepare sugar solution, common salt solution, lemon juice, and bitter gourd juice, and test the tongue's sensitivity to each taste

    Foodpipe and Windpipe

    • The foodpipe and windpipe share a common passage in the throat
    • During swallowing, a flap-like valve closes the windpipe and guides food into the foodpipe
    • Experiment: observe how food particles enter the windpipe and cause choking or coughing

    Oesophagus and Stomach

    • The oesophagus pushes food down into the stomach through muscular contractions
    • The stomach secretes mucous, hydrochloric acid, and digestive juices to break down food
    • The stomach's inner lining is protected from acid by mucous

    Small Intestine and Liver

    • The small intestine receives secretions from the liver and pancreas and breaks down carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
    • The liver secretes bile juice that helps digest fats
    • The pancreas secretes pancreatic juice that acts on carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

    Large Intestine and Digestion

    • The large intestine absorbs water and salts from undigested food material
    • The remaining waste passes into the rectum and is removed through the anus
    • Absorption in the small intestine allows for the building of complex substances in the body

    Digestion in Grass-Eating Animals

    • Grass-eating animals, such as cows and buffaloes, have a rumen in their stomach that breaks down cellulose
    • They also have a large sac-like structure called the Caecum between the oesophagus and small intestine
    • These adaptations help them digest cellulose, which many animals, including humans, cannot digest### Digestive System in Ruminants
    • Ruminants, like cattle, deer, and goats, have a specialized digestive system that allows them to digest cellulose, a type of carbohydrate found in grass.
    • The digestive process in ruminants involves a four-chambered stomach, where bacteria break down cellulose into simpler substances.
    • The grass is first ingested and stored in the rumen, where it is partially digested.
    • The partially digested food, called cud, is then regurgitated and chewed again, a process called rumination.
    • The cud is then passed into the small intestine, where it is further digested and absorbed into the bloodstream.

    Digestive System in Amoeba

    • Amoeba, a single-celled organism, has a unique way of ingesting and digesting food.
    • Amoeba uses its pseudopodia (false feet) to engulf and capture food particles.
    • The food is then digested in a food vacuole, where digestive juices break down the food into simpler substances.
    • The digested food is then absorbed into the cell, and the waste is expelled outside the cell.

    Human Digestive System

    • The human digestive system consists of the alimentary canal and associated digestive glands.
    • The alimentary canal includes the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine.
    • The digestive glands include the salivary glands, liver, and pancreas.
    • The digestive process in humans involves ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion.

    Nutrition in Animals

    • Nutrition in animals involves the process of obtaining nutrients from food, including ingestion, digestion, absorption, and assimilation.
    • There are different modes of feeding in various organisms, including grazing, predation, and filter feeding.
    • The nutrients obtained from food are used for growth, maintenance, and multiplication.

    Key Concepts

    • Absorption: The process of taking in nutrients from food into the bloodstream.
    • Assimilation: The process of using absorbed nutrients for growth, maintenance, and multiplication.
    • Digestion: The process of breaking down food into simpler substances.
    • Egestion: The process of expelling undigested and unabsorbed food residues from the body.
    • Ingestion: The process of taking in food into the body.

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    Description

    Learn about the different ways animals take in food and how they digest it. This chapter covers the basics of animal nutrition.

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