Nutrition Essentials Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which fatty acid is considered an essential fatty acid and must be obtained through diet?

Linoleic acid (correct)

Stearic acid

Myristic acid

Palmitic acid

What is the maximum recommended percentage of total calories that should come from fat in the diet?

45%

30% (correct)

15%

60%

Which of the following is a main derivative of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA)?

Butyric acid

Hexanoic acid

Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (correct)

Capric acid

Which statement about micronutrients is true?

They include vitamins and minerals that support enzyme production. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the essential fatty acids?

Arachidonic acid Signup and view all the answers

What are the daily energy values for macronutrients?

1 g Lipids = 9 kcal Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of vitamins in the body?

Help produce enzymes and hormones. Signup and view all the answers

How can micronutrient deficiencies be prevented?

Through nutrition education and a diverse diet. Signup and view all the answers

Which role is NOT associated with cellular health?

Increased toxicity levels Signup and view all the answers

Which type of carbohydrate is primarily a storage form in plants?

Starch Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of dietary fiber in the diet?

Increases bulk to stool Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly describes disaccharides?

They consist of two monosaccharides joined together. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to excess glucose in the body when glycogen storage is full?

It is converted into fat in adipose tissue. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary risk associated with excessive intake of vitamin A?

Hypervitaminosis A Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about proteins is true?

They play a critical role in tissue repair. Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin has a recommended dietary allowance of 90.0 mg for males aged 19-70?

Vitamin C Signup and view all the answers

What deficiency is associated with vitamin D?

Rickets Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of cellulose?

It provides structural support to plant cells. Signup and view all the answers

How much dietary fiber is suggested for daily intake?

At least 25 grams Signup and view all the answers

What is the upper intake level (UL) for vitamin C per day?

2,000 μg Signup and view all the answers

Which food source is richest in vitamin A?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin can lead to hypercalcemia when taken in excess?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

What is the solubility of vitamin C?

Water-soluble Signup and view all the answers

What condition arises due to a deficiency in vitamin C?

Scurvy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of vitamin D megadosage?

Nausea and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

What is the chemical name for vitamin D3?

Cholecalciferol Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of peptide bonds in proteins?

They link amino acids together to form polypeptide chains. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following amino acids is considered essential and must be obtained from food?

Leucine Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates complete proteins from incomplete proteins?

Incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

Which structure of a protein is characterized by hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions?

Tertiary structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimal daily protein requirement for an adult weighing 70 kg?

56 grams Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of immunoglobulins?

Protect against specific antigens. Signup and view all the answers

What is the composition of triglycerides?

Three long-chain fatty acids joined to a glycerol molecule. Signup and view all the answers

Which function is associated with rhodopsin?

Detection of light in the retina. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of animal origin proteins compared to plant origin proteins?

Animal proteins are typically richer in essential amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

Which type of the following interactions is NOT involved in protein tertiary structure formation?

Peptide bonds Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of potassium?

Maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance Signup and view all the answers

What is the tolerable upper intake level of magnesium for adults?

350 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What type of mineral is calcium categorized as?

Major mineral Signup and view all the answers

What deficiency symptom is associated with iron?

Anemia and fatigue Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following food sources is highest in phosphorus?

Cottage cheese Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of sodium for adults?

1,500 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of iron toxicity?

GI distress and organ damage Signup and view all the answers

Which mineral is necessary for the synthesis of thyroxine?

Iodine Signup and view all the answers

What is the daily recommended intake for magnesium for women aged 19-30 years?

310 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What can occur as a result of potassium toxicity?

Muscle weakness and vomiting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common symptom of vitamin B12 deficiency?

Megaloblastic anemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dietary allowance of vitamin E for males aged 19–70?

15 μg Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is associated with a deficiency that can lead to hemolytic anemia?

Vitamin E Signup and view all the answers

What is the active form of vitamin D after it undergoes conversion in the kidneys?

Calcitriol Signup and view all the answers

What are the symptoms associated with vitamin B6 deficiency?

Peripheral neuropathy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following vitamins is considered a fat-soluble vitamin?

Vitamin K Signup and view all the answers

What is the upper intake level for vitamin B3 before it may cause adverse effects?

2 g Signup and view all the answers

What is a common food source of vitamin B5?

Meat Signup and view all the answers

What serious effect can result from an overdose of vitamin K in patients taking warfarin?

Increased coagulation Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin deficiency is primarily linked to the condition known as beriberi?

Vitamin B1 Signup and view all the answers

What is a recommended dietary allowance for vitamin B9 for males aged 19–70?

400 μg Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of a deficiency in vitamin B7?

Dermatitis Signup and view all the answers

What role do minerals play in the body?

They are necessary for proper functioning of body cells Signup and view all the answers

What type of malnutrition is characterized by a lack of both protein and non-protein nutrients?

Marasmus Signup and view all the answers

What does severe acute malnutrition (SAM) indicate regarding weight for height ratio?

Weight for height ratio below 3 standard deviations Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups of malnutrition includes overweight and obesity?

Diet-related noncommunicable diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is primarily characterized by growth retardation and loss of muscle mass due to nutrient deficient diets?

Marasmus Signup and view all the answers

According to the World Health Organization, what broad group of conditions includes stunting, wasting, and underweight?

Undernutrition Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of kwashiorkor?

Protein deficiency in diet Signup and view all the answers

What condition is characterized by involuntary weight loss and metabolic alterations due to chronic illness?

Cachexia Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with anorexia nervosa?

Increased bone density Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to the hypercatabolic state observed in cachexia?

Tumor-derived cachectic factors Signup and view all the answers

What common gastrointestinal behavior is associated with bulimia?

Binge eating followed by vomiting Signup and view all the answers

In which scenario is kwashiorkor most likely to develop?

Child weaned too early and fed a carbohydrate-heavy diet Signup and view all the answers

What is a key endocrine effect of anorexia nervosa?

Decreased secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following does NOT typically occur in patients with cachexia?

Metabolic alkalosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of including bioactive compounds in functional foods?

They can support various bodily functions and improve overall health Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following foods is rich in Omega-3 fatty acids and known for its potential to reduce the risk of heart disease?

Fatty Fish Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic differentiates functional foods from conventional foods?

Functional foods have specific health benefits recognized by research Signup and view all the answers

What role do phytochemicals play in functional foods?

They may reduce the risk of certain cancers and diseases Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a characteristic or component of functional foods?

High amounts of added sugars Signup and view all the answers

What is a health claim that can often be associated with whole grains?

Reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease Signup and view all the answers

In the context of functional foods, what do probiotics specifically contribute to human health?

They enhance the body’s immune defense Signup and view all the answers

How do organic sulfur compounds in foods like garlic and onion contribute to health?

They reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease Signup and view all the answers

What role does enhancing the intestinal barrier function play in health?

Prevents harmful substances from entering the bloodstream Signup and view all the answers

How does modulation of the immune system contribute to gut health?

Enhances the activity of immune cells and reduces inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is a function of probiotics in relation to pathogenic bacteria?

Compete with pathogens for nutrients and inhibit their growth Signup and view all the answers

What key process does Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) promote in human cells?

Elevating NAD+ levels Signup and view all the answers

What are some effects of declining NAD+ levels in the body?

Compromised genomic signaling and lower energy production Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a component of Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN)?

Amino acid Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary function of NAD+ within the human body?

Catalyzing cellular redox reactions and metabolic processes Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately contrasts the roles of probiotics and NMN in health?

Probiotics inhibit pathogenic bacteria, while NMN boosts NAD+ levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between DNA damage and NAD+ levels as people age?

Accumulation of DNA damage causes a decrease in NAD+ concentration. Signup and view all the answers

Which precursor is considered one of the last steps in the NAD+ synthesis pathway?

Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN). Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is responsible for converting N-formylkynurenine to L-kynurenine during NAD+ biosynthesis?

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1). Signup and view all the answers

What role does Poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) play in the context of aging?

It depletes NAD+ levels after DNA damage accumulation. Signup and view all the answers

Which process can help boost NAD+ levels in mammals?

Caloric restriction (CR) and exercise. Signup and view all the answers

What can excessive DNA damage in mitochondria lead to?

Further depletion of NAD+ concentrations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding NAD+ and sirtuins?

Sirtuins require NAD+ for their activation and are linked to anti-aging processes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main cause of aging according to the cellular processes described?

Accumulation of damaged DNA. Signup and view all the answers

What is the initial conversion of nicotinic acid in the Preiss-Handler pathway?

Conversion to nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NAMN) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme is primarily responsible for recycling nicotinamide to nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NMN) in the salvage pathway?

Intracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (iNAMPT) Signup and view all the answers

What effect does age-related reduction in NAD+ levels have on health?

Increased susceptibility to chronic illnesses Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following transporters is responsible for importing nicotinamide riboside (NR) into the cell?

Unknown transporter Signup and view all the answers

What is the final product of the Preiss-Handler pathway?

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) Signup and view all the answers

Which enzyme functions characteristically to convert nicotinamide to nicotinic acid mononucleotide (NMN) in the salvage pathway?

Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) Signup and view all the answers

What role do sirtuins (SIRTs) play in cellular function?

They regulate NAD+-consuming enzymes and are key regulators of aging. Signup and view all the answers

What facilitates the excretion of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) through urine?

Methylation by nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

BIOL 2006SEF: CELLS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE - TOPIC 5: CELLULAR HEALTH AND NUTRITION I

The course is BIOL 2006SEF, Cells in Health and Disease, Topic 5: Cellular Health and Nutrition I, taught by Heidi Wong.

Outline

Importance of Cellular Health:
- Organ and Tissue Function
- Energy Production
- Growth, Repair and Regeneration
- Immune System Function
- Detoxification and Waste Removal
- Cellular Communication
- Disease Prevention
- Aging and Longevity
Macronutrients:
- Carbohydrates
- Protein
- Fats
Micronutrients:
- Vitamins
- Minerals
Healthy Eating Food Pyramid (for adults) (diagram): A pyramid displaying recommended daily intake amounts for various food groups, including fats, oils, salts and sugars, meat, fish, eggs, vegetables, grains, fruits, milk, and alternatives. Recommended fluid intake is also shown.

Carbohydrates

Provides quick energy.
Monosaccharides: 6-carbon molecules (glucose, fructose, galactose).
Disaccharides: 2 monosaccharides joined (maltose, sucrose, lactose).
Polysaccharides: Long chains of glucose (starch, glycogen, cellulose).
Carbohydrates stored as glycogen in muscle and liver, or fat in adipose tissue when excess.
Starch: Storage form in plants.
Glycogen: Storage form in animals.
Cellulose: Dietary fiber, structural component in plants.
- Insoluble in water.
- Cannot be digested by the body.
- Increases bulk in stool and aids in digestion.
Suggested intake of insoluble fiber: not less than 25 g per day.
Soluble fiber is also a component of total dietary fiber.

Proteins

Composed of amino acids (AA).
Essential for building and repairing tissues.
Basic Structure: Central carbon atom bound to:
- Amine group (NH2)
- Carboxylic acid group (COOH)
- Hydrogen atom (H)
- Variable side chain (R)
Primary Structure: Sequence of AAs linked by peptide bonds.
Secondary Structure: Weak electrical attractions between AAs leading to α-helix structures or β-pleated sheet structures.
Tertiary Structure: Hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions fold the polypeptide chain into a 3D structure.
Quaternary Structure: Two or more polypeptide chains associate to form a functional protein.
Essential amino acids: 9 cannot be synthesized by the body.
Minimal daily protein requirements are 0.8 grams per kilogram of body weight. If intake exceeds the body’s need, the surplus is converted to fat and stored in adipose tissue.
Complete protein sources (animal origin) are slightly more digestible than incomplete sources (plant origin).
Complete Protein Sources: High in essential amino acids.
Incomplete Protein Sources: Do not contain all essential amino acids—must combine sources for a complete profile.

Fats (Lipids)

Triglycerides: Function as long-term energy stores in animals and plants.
Phospholipids: Structural components of cell membranes.
Steroids: hormones and structural components (e.g., cholesterol).
Waxes: protective layer against water loss in plants and animals.
Carotenoids: light-absorbing pigments in plants.
Glycolipids: Cell receptor and recognition molecules.
Two major types of essential fatty acids:
- Omega-6 (e.g., linoleic acid (LA))
- Omega-3 (e.g., alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA))
Fat intake should be less than 30% of total daily calories.
Different types of fatty acids (saturated, trans, monounsaturated, polyunsaturated) are described and linked to their sources (e.g., beef, butter, coconut oil, margarine, olive oil, canola oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, corn oil, fatty fish) and health impacts.

Vitamins

Organic compounds that function with enzymes to convert food into energy.
Classified into water-soluble and fat-soluble categories.
Water-soluble vitamins dissolve in water, can't be stored and are lost via urine.
Fat-soluble vitamins dissolve in fat, can be stored in the body. Different specific vitamins (Vitamin A, C, D, E, K, and B complex vitamins) and their characteristics are detailed regarding chemical names, solubility, recommended daily allowances, deficiencies, and toxicities.

Minerals

Inorganic substances necessary for proper functioning of cells.
Two categories:
- Major minerals (needed in amounts greater than 100 mg per day) (e.g., Calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and others.)
- Trace minerals (needed in amounts less than 100 mg per day) (e.g., iron, iodine, and others) Detailed DRI (Dietary Reference Intakes) and Upper Intake Levels (UL) are provided for each mineral.

Energy

Energetic expenditure per day is approximately 2400-2500 kcal or 35 kcal/kg.
1g carbohydrates = 4 kcal
1g protein = 4 kcal
1g fat = 9 kcal
Energy balance (input=expenditure) is needed to maintain weight.

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Test your knowledge on essential fatty acids, micronutrients, and macronutrients in this comprehensive nutrition quiz. Discover the functions of vitamins, types of carbohydrates, and daily energy values that are vital for a balanced diet.