Nutrition: Chapters 1-9

• These notes cover nutrition topics from chapters 1-9.

General Nutrition Concepts

• Cholesterol is not an essential nutrient that must be obtained through diet.
• The body absorbs a greater percentage of vitamins than minerals.
• Gastrointestinal tract bleeding or alcoholism can cause secondary malnutrition.
• A product labeled "trans fat-free" can contain up to 0.4 g of trans fat and saturated fat.
• Dietary supplements cannot legally claim to treat, cure, or prevent diseases.
• A calorie measures the amount of energy transferred from food to the body.
• The Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) meets the nutrient needs of half of healthy individuals in a group.
• Complex carbohydrates include starches, glycogen, and most types of fiber.
• Human digestive enzymes can not break down fiber.
• Carbohydrates with a high glycemic index raise blood glucose levels more than those with a low glycemic index.
• Lactose, found in milk, is the only significant animal source of carbohydrates.
• A fat is considered monounsaturated if one double bond is present in one or more of its fatty acids.
• High levels of LDL cholesterol are associated with heart-disease risk.
• Obtaining essential amino acids must be done from a person's diet.
• Fat-soluble vitamins can be stored in the body for months.
• Vitamin C acts as an antioxidant in the body.
• Phytochemicals are chemical substances in plants that can affect body processes and benefit health.

Calculations and Daily Values

• An "Orange-a-Peel" smoothie with 9g protein, 102g carbohydrate, and 1g fat provides 453 calories.
• This smoothie contains 1.5% of the Daily Value of fat, based on a Daily Value of 65g total fat intake.
• Daily Values are standard nutrient intake levels listed on Nutrition Facts panels.
• A cheese twist is an example of an empty-calorie food.

Health and Physiological Functions

• Homeostasis is the balance of fluids, nutrients, gases, temperature, and other conditions for proper cell functioning.
• Excessive alcohol consumption can lead to cirrhosis of the liver.
• Oxidative stress occurs when cells are exposed to more oxidizing molecules than antioxidant molecules.
• Bread can be labeled as "enriched".

Infant Nutrition: Specific Conditions

• Multiple gestation (twins, triplets etc) is associated with intrauterine growth retardation.
• Slow growth is not always a symptom of inadequate nutrition.
• An infant weighing less than 1500 g at birth is considered a very low-birthweight infant.
• Preterm infants have high metabolic rates.
• An infant who is unable to swallow and having gastrointestinal problems can still be given enteral feedings.
• An infant born between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation would be least likely to require nutrition assessments.

Infant Feeding Methods and Needs

• Orogastric feeding involves a tube through the mouth and into the stomach.
• Infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia often need energy intakes above the Estimated Energy Requirement (EER) for their age.
• Fewer calories are needed for a child with spina bifida.
• Infants with Down syndrome require less energy than healthy infants.
• Medium-chain triglycerides are a routine source of fat in preterm infant formula.
• Fenton preterm infant growth charts reflect cross-sectional birth data and are gender-specific.
• Iron needs are greater in preterm infants than in full-term infants.
• Brain grows most rapidly during the first year of life.
• Infants with intrauterine growth retardation are at increased risk for metabolic disturbances related to fatty acid and glucose metabolism.
• Weight gain of 20-30 g per day is needed as preterm infants progress toward discharge.
• Enteral feeding delivers nutrients directly to the digestive system, while parenteral feeding delivers nutrients directly into the bloodstream.
• Parenteral nutrition support, followed by a slow transition to enteral feeding, is required for very preterm infants.
• Donor milk is typically lower in protein than preterm breast milk.
• Enteral feeding includes gavage, gastrostomy, and jejunostomy feedings.
• Gavage feeding provides nutrition through tube feedings from the mouth or nose to the stomach.
• Gastrostomy or jejunostomy feeding methods are used, when enteral nutrition is expected to be needed long term, over 3 months.
• Hospitals limit hang time of continuous feeds to 4 hours for food safety.

Infant Nutrition: General Concepts

• The body composition of preterm infants differs from that of term infants.
• Infants' energy needs per kilogram of body weight are higher than at any other time of life.
• Infant mortality is a key indicator of a nation's overall health.
• Fat contributes approximately half of the calories in breast milk.
• Young infants' iron levels reflect their mother's health during late pregnancy and delivery.
• Gastrointestinal infections may temporarily cause lactose intolerance.
• Full-term infants are born at 37-42 weeks' gestation.
• Preterm infants are born at 28-33 weeks' gestation.
• Infant mortality rate is the number of infant deaths for every 1000 live births.
• The palmar reflex helps a baby grasp objects.
• The rooting and sucking reflexes help an infant breastfeed.
• The Babinski reflex is when a baby's toes fan out when the sole of their foot is stroked.
• The 2015-2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans provide recommendations for individuals starting at 2 years of age.
• A five-month-old infant who weighs 6 kg requires approximately 648 calories/day.
• The recommended protein intake for infants from 7 to 12 months of age is 1.2 g/kg body weight.
• Alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are the two essential fatty acids.
• Catabolism is the process of breaking down body protein to generate energy.
• Fluoride contributes significantly to the prevention and reduction of dental caries.
• Sodium is a major component of extracellular fluid and regulates fluid balance.
• The recommended protein intake for infants from birth to six months of age is 1.52 g/kg body weight.
• The DRI for fluoride in infants less than 6 months of age is 0.1 mg.
• The Adequate Intake (AI) for fat is 31 g for infants from birth to six months of age.
• The 2006 WHO growth charts are based on data of exclusively or predominantly breastfed infants
• Routine formulas for full-term infants provide 20 kcal/ounce when prepared as directed.
• Amino acid-based infant formula is compatible with extreme protein hypersensitivity.
• A child suffering from galactosemia should be given a soy-based formula.

Breastfeeding: Support and Programs

• The Rush Mothers' Milk Club program uses a team approach to feeding very low-birthweight infants their own mothers' milk.
• A woman with mastitis should continue to nurse her baby.
• The BPPOP mission was to improve the ability of AAP(American association of pediatrics) members to support new mothers and their breastfeeding infants.
• Any skin-to-skin contact with a premature infant in the neonatal intensive-care unit is encouraged.
• Using a warm compress is least likely to cause persistent nipple pain while breastfeeding.
• A new mother may experience engorgement if she is gone longer than planned and cannot nurse her baby.
• The World Health Organization advises women to avoid combined oral contraceptives in the first six weeks postpartum.
• Alcohol decreases milk letdown by decreasing oxytocin levels.
• Hyperbilirubinemia is the most frequent cause of hospital readmission during the first two weeks of life in the United States.
• Mothers of multiples should obtain their nutrients from a well-balanced diet to ensure their milk can adequately nourish all their infants.
• A food allergy is an immunologic response, typically immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediated, to a specific food protein.

Breastfeeding: Physiology and Composition

• Human milk composition is changeable over the course of a single day.
• Breastfeeding has not been found to be an effective method of birth control.
• Individual fatty acids and other milk components from digestion of human milk are antimicrobial.
• The size of a woman's breast does not determine the amount of milk production tissue.
• Lactogenesis II is the stage of lactogenesis marked as the onset of copious milk secretion.
• Releasing Prolactin-inhibiting factor from the hypothalamus stimulus is least likely to trigger the letdown reflex.
• Vitamin A is present in more quantity in colostrum than mature milk.
• A very low-fat diet (≤15% of calories) will cause breast milk to contain more medium-chain fatty acids.
• Breast milk is isosmotic, meaning it has ion concentration similar to plasma.

Breastfeeding: Techniques and Recommendations

• Morbidity is the rate of illness in a population, while mortality is the rate of death.
• An incision around the lower part of the breast is recommended for a woman undergoing breast reduction to avoid damage to the ductal system.
• An infant should be allowed to nurse at one breast as long as wanted to get both foremilk and hindmilk and decrease risk of diarrhea.
• Alevolar cells manage monovalent ion secretion to maintain the isosmotic composition of human milk.
• Opioids are a group of pain-relieving medications.