Questions and Answers
Which of the following are considered unrefined foods? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following classifications do mono and disaccharides belong to?
What is glucose?
A 6-carbon monosaccharide that serves as the primary form of carbohydrates for energy.
What are digestible complex carbohydrates?
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Which of the following foods contain soluble fiber?
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What is lactose intolerance?
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The bulk of a fiber-rich meal dilutes the _____ contents.
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What is the glycemic index?
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What is the main function of carbohydrates?
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What is the primary function of insulin?
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What happens to blood glucose levels a few hours after eating?
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What does anaerobic glycolysis produce?
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Aerobic metabolism can completely break down glucose.
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What is considered a normal blood glucose level?
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What type of disease is Type 1 diabetes?
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Hypoglycemia is defined as abnormally low blood glucose levels below _____ mg/100 ml.
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What are the medical benefits of fiber?
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What is the recommended minimum amount of carbohydrates per day?
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How many calories are in one gram of carbohydrates?
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What is one cause of obesity?
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What is meant by enrichment in food processing?
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Match the fibers found in fruits and vegetables:
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What can uncontrolled diabetes damage?
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What is gestational diabetes?
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Where in the kernel of grain is Vitamin E found?
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Where does most digestion of carbohydrates occur?
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Study Notes
Unrefined and Refined Foods
- Unrefined foods include vegetables, whole grains, and fruits.
- Refined foods consist of processed cereals, table sugar, and white bread.
Classification of Carbohydrates
- Simple carbohydrates include monosaccharides and disaccharides.
- Complex carbohydrates encompass starch and dietary fiber.
Glucose
- A 6-carbon monosaccharide that serves as the main energy source for the body.
- Regulates blood sugar levels; essential for brain and red blood cells.
- The liver and pancreas (insulin) manage glucose concentration.
Digestible vs. Indigestible Complex Carbohydrates
- Digestible complex carbohydrates include glycogen (found in animals), starches, and fibers from plants.
- Glycogen is rapidly broken down for glucose; dietary fiber is not digested.
Soluble and Insoluble Fiber
- Soluble fiber is present in foods like jams, jellies, and beans.
- Insoluble fiber is found in wheat, rye bran, broccoli, and celery, aiding in digestion.
Lactose Intolerance
- Inability to digest lactose due to decreased lactase enzyme levels.
- Causes gastrointestinal distress when undigested lactose ferments in the intestine.
Fiber's Effect on Blood Sugar and Cholesterol
- Fiber-rich meals slow the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients.
- Helps prevent spikes in blood glucose levels post-meal.
Glycemic Index
- Ranks food based on its effect on blood glucose compared to a reference food.
- Analyzed through a specific carbohydrate amount in the food.
Main Function of Carbohydrates
- Provides energy for bodily functions.
Insulin Characteristics
- A hormone from the pancreas that facilitates glucose uptake by cells.
- Stimulates protein and fat synthesis; reduces blood glucose levels.
Blood Glucose Levels Post-Eating
- Blood glucose decreases hours after eating, triggering glucagon release from the pancreas.
- Glucagon signals the liver to release glucose, restoring normal blood sugar levels.
Anaerobic Metabolic Pathways
- Glycolysis occurs without oxygen, converting glucose into two pyruvate molecules and producing ATP.
Anaerobic vs. Aerobic Metabolism
- Anaerobic metabolism does not require oxygen; yields fewer ATP (2 ATP per glucose).
- Aerobic metabolism fully oxidizes glucose, producing up to 36 ATP.
Normal Blood Glucose Levels
- Healthy blood glucose concentration is less than 100 mg/100 ml after fasting for 8 hours.
Types of Diabetes
- Type 1 is autoimmune, affecting insulin-producing pancreatic cells; requires insulin injections.
- Type 2 results from insufficient insulin production or insulin resistance; lifestyle and genetic factors contribute.
- Gestational diabetes increases the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes later in life.
Hypoglycemia
- Characterized by low blood glucose levels (below 70 mg/100 ml), often linked to diabetes treatments.
Medical Benefits of Fiber
- Promotes peristalsis in the intestines, preventing constipation.
- Slows glycemic response and nutrient absorption.
Recommended Carbohydrate Intake
- Minimum daily carbohydrate intake is 130 grams.
Calories in Carbohydrates
- Each gram of carbohydrates provides 4 calories.
Calculating Carbohydrate Percentage in Diet
- Total calorie contribution from carbohydrates is found by multiplying grams of carbs by 4, then dividing by total calorie intake and multiplying by 100.
Obesity Causes
- Increased consumption of refined carbohydrates is a notable contributor.
Enrichment of Grains
- Enrichment involves adding thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, iron, and folic acid to refined grains to restore some nutrients lost in processing.
Fibers from Fruits and Vegetables
- Key fibers include pectin and gums, contributing to digestive health.
Damage from Uncontrolled Diabetes
- Unmanaged diabetes can harm the heart, blood vessels, kidneys, eyes, and nerves.
Gestational Diabetes Overview
- Temporary elevation of blood sugar during pregnancy, potentially leading to Type 2 diabetes later in life.
Nutritional Content of Grain Kernel
- Vitamin E is located in the germ of the grain kernel.
Digestion of Carbohydrates
- Most carbohydrate digestion occurs primarily in the small intestine.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the distinctions between refined and unrefined foods, as well as the classification of carbohydrates. This quiz covers essential concepts in nutrition that are foundational for understanding dietary choices.
