Nutrition and Vitamins Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of vitamins?

  • They are needed in very small amounts.
  • They are synthesized in the human body. (correct)
  • Their deficiency can lead to various diseases.
  • They are essential for normal health and growth.

    • What is the active form of Vitamin B1?

  • Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP) (correct)
  • Riboflavin
  • Pantothenic acid
  • Pyridoxine

    • Which of the following is a provitamin?

  • Vitamin D3
  • Carotenes (correct)
  • Vitamin D2
  • Vitamin A

    • Which of the following vitamins is NOT water-soluble?

    <p>Vitamin A (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of wet beriberi?

    <p>Neurological dysfunction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Vitamin B1 (thiamin) in the body?

    <p>Energy metabolism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a rich source of vitamin C?

    <p>Oranges (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of ascorbic acid in the body?

    <p>Formation of collagen protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is NOT affected by thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)?

    <p>Succinate dehydrogenase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a coenzyme formed from niacin?

    <p>FMN (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with a deficiency of vitamin B6?

    <p>Pellagra (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a good source of riboflavin (vitamin B2)?

    <p>Liver (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In addition to its role in collagen formation, what other function does ascorbic acid have?

    <p>It is a potent reducing agent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of a deficiency in vitamin C?

    <p>Scurvy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of vitamin C in oxidation-reduction reactions?

    <p>It acts as a hydrogen transport agent. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is affected by vitamin B6?

    <p>Aminotransferase (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a characteristic of scurvy?

    <p>Increased risk of cancer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a source of vitamin B6?

    <p>Corn (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups of vitamins are water-soluble?

    <p>B complex and C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of dry beriberi?

    <p>Neurological dysfunction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic symptom of riboflavin (vitamin B2) deficiency?

    <p>Angular stomatitis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+?

    <p>Oxidation-reduction reactions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following foods is known to be a particularly rich source of pantothenic acid?

    <p>Royal Jelly of bees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why pyridoxine (vitamin B6) deficiency can lead to pellagra?

    <p>Pyridoxal phosphate is needed to convert tryptophan to niacin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Coenzyme A (CoA) in biological systems?

    <p>It acts as a carrier of acyl groups, like fatty acids and other carboxylic acids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is NOT directly involved in the carboxylation reactions that biotin, as a coenzyme, participates in?

    <p>Succinyl CoA synthetase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of biotin for humans?

    <p>Synthesis by intestinal bacteria. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a common manifestation of biotin deficiency?

    <p>Anemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of pernicious anemia (PA)?

    <p>Atrophy of the gastric mucosa, leading to a lack of intrinsic factor. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of intrinsic factor in vitamin B12 absorption?

    <p>It binds to vitamin B12, forming a complex that can be absorbed in the ileum. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following enzymes is NOT directly involved in the metabolism of homocysteine?

    <p>Dihydrofolate reductase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why vegetarians are at higher risk for vitamin B12 deficiency?

    <p>Vegetarians rely on plant sources that are poor in vitamin B12. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Vitamins

    Organic compounds essential for health, not synthesized in the body.

    Water-soluble vitamins

    Vitamins that dissolve in water, not stored in the body, include vitamin C and B complex.

    Fat-soluble vitamins

    Vitamins that dissolve in fats, include A, D, E, and K, stored in body tissues.

    Provitamins

    Precursors to vitamins that convert into vitamins in the body.

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    Vitamers

    Different forms of the same vitamin, like D2 and D3 for vitamin D.

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    Collagen formation

    A crucial process assisted by vitamin C for converting procollagen to collagen.

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    Vitamin C

    Also known as L-Ascorbic Acid, essential for collagen formation.

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    Role of Vitamin C in redox

    Acts as a reducing agent in oxidation-reduction reactions within the body.

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    FAD and FMN

    Active forms of vitamin B2 influencing dehydrogenase enzymes.

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    B2 Deficiency Effects

    Leads to ocular disturbances, mouth issues, and skin problems.

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    Sources of Niacin

    Found in whole grains, yeast, milk, greens, and meat; poor in corn.

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    Pellagra Causes

    Caused by niacin, tryptophan, or vitamin B6 deficiency.

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    Manifestations of Pellagra

    Includes dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, and can lead to death.

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    Vitamin B6 Functions

    Essential for aminotransferases and heme synthesis enzymes.

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    Vitamin B6 Deficiency Effects

    Results in stomatitis, growth retardation, convulsions, and anemia.

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    Pantothenic Acid Sources

    Rich in animal products, especially royal jelly of bees.

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    Coenzyme A (CoASH)

    A coenzyme involved in the synthesis and transfer of acyl groups like acetic acid.

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    Biotin (Vitamin H)

    A water-soluble vitamin that functions as a coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes.

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    Carboxylation reactions

    Chemical reactions that introduce a carboxyl group (-COOH) into a substrate, vital for metabolism.

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    Vitamin C anti-cancer effects

    Large doses of vitamin C may reduce carcinogenic compounds and lower cancer risk.

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    Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

    A vital vitamin preventing pernicious anemia; sources include meat and dairy.

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    Vitamin C and cold defense

    Vitamin C in large doses alleviates cold symptoms and supports leukocyte function.

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    Intrinsic Factor (IF)

    A glycoprotein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the intestine.

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    Pernicious Anemia (PA)

    A condition caused by B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor.

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    Scurvy

    A disease caused by Vitamin C deficiency, leading to weakness and bleeding.

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    Deficiency symptoms of Biotin

    Include dermatitis, muscle pain, alopecia, and hallucinations.

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    Vitamin B complex

    A group of B vitamins, including B1, B2, B6, and others.

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    Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

    Essential for energy metabolism and nerve function; deficiency leads to beriberi.

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    Megaloblastic anemia

    A type of anemia characterized by enlarged red blood cells due to B12 deficiency.

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    Beriberi

    A deficiency disease affecting cardiovascular and nervous systems, leading to edema.

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    Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)

    A B vitamin important for energy production, abundant in liver, yeast, and milk.

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    Vitamin C deficiency symptoms

    Symptoms include bleeding gums, easy bruising, and delayed wound healing.

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    Study Notes

    Vitamins

    • Vitamins are organic compounds crucial for health and growth.
    • They are not synthesized in the human body, so they must be consumed through diet.
    • Deficiency in vitamins can lead to various diseases.
    • Vitamins do not become part of tissues and are not oxidized by tissues.
    • Vitamins are needed in small amounts.

    Overview of Vitamins

    • Understanding the difference between vitamins and coenzymes is important.
    • Knowing the pathologies associated with water-soluble vitamins is essential.
    • Defining vitamins and classifying them according to solubility is key.

    Definition

    • Vitamins are historically classified as either water-soluble or lipid-soluble.
    • Water-soluble vitamins act as precursors for coenzymes, relevant to specific body reactions.

    Vitamin C

    • Vitamin C is L-Ascorbic Acid (antiscorbutic vitamin).
    • Sources include fruits (citrus, melon, strawberries, guava) and vegetables (green leafy, tomatoes, potatoes). Animal sources include liver and adrenal glands.
    • Functions:
      • Essential for collagen production. Procollagen (a protein containing proline and lysine) is converted into collagen by ascorbic acid.
      • Hydroxylation of proline and lysine in procollagen are aided by vitamin C
      • Acts as a reducing agent for hydroxylase enzyme.
      • Plays a role in oxidation-reduction reactions, acting as a hydrogen transport agent.
    • Anti-cancer properties: High doses may inhibit carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds formed during cooking and digestion.

    Deficiency (Scurvy)

    • A deficiency of vitamin C can result in scurvy.
    • Scurvy is characterized by:
      • Behavioral and emotional disturbances.
      • General weakness resulting from decreased carnitine and fatty acid oxidation.
      • Manifestations: bleeding into gums, muscles, joints, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract; bone lesions, gum necrosis, delayed wound healing, and easy bruising due to increased capillary fragility.

    Vitamin B-Complex

    • Several chemical molecules are grouped together as vitamin B.
    • Key members include: Thiamin (B1), Riboflavin (B2), Niacin (PPF), Pyridoxine (B6), Pantothenic acid, Biotin (H), and Vitamin B12.

    Thiamin (Vitamin B1)

    • Sources: Seeds (peas, beans) and animal products (liver, eggs, milk).
    • Active form: Thiamin pyrophosphate (TPP)
    • Functions of TPP : Essential coenzyme affecting pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and transketolase enzymes. Important for optimal growth in infants and children and nerve conduction and nerve membrane structure.
    • Deficiency (Beriberi):
      • Biochemical changes: Accumulation of pyruvic acid and lactic acid in the blood, accumulation of pentose sugars in red blood cells.
      • Manifestations (Wet): Extensive edema, congestive heart failure.
      • Manifestations (Dry): Polyneuritis, hyperesthesia, muscle wasting, and loss of weight. Severe thiamine deficiency can lead to Wernicke's disease (neurological degeneration, ocular disturbances (ataxia), and Korsakoff's syndrome (memory issues, psychosis).

    Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)

    • Sources: Abundant in liver, yeast, whole grains, and milk.
    • Active forms: Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
    • Functions: Affecting only dehydrogenase enzyme.
    • Deficiency: Ocular disturbances (photophobia, corneal vascularization), mouth (red lips, angular stomatitis, glossitis, cheilosis), and skin conditions (seborrheic dermatitis).

    Niacin (Vitamin B3)

    • Sources: Whole grains, cereals, yeast, milk, and leafy green vegetables, meat. (Corn contains little niacin and tryptophan).
    • Conversion from Tryptophan: Niacin can be made from tryptophan (an amino acid); 60 mg tryptophan can be converted to 1 mg niacin. The coenzyme required is pyridoxine (B6).
    • Functions: Essential for forming coenzymes NAD+, NADP+, and NMN, crucial for oxidation-reduction reactions needing dehydrogenase enzymes.
    • Deficiency (Pellagra): Manifestations include dermatitis (dry, rough, scaly skin), diarrhea (often severe), dementia (cognitive impairment), and even death in severe cases.

    Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6)

    • Sources: Yeast, rice polishing, germinal portion of various seeds, animal products (egg yolks), royal jelly.
    • Functions: Affecting aminotransferase AST, ALT, and gamma-aminolevulinic acid synthase enzymes
    • Deficiency: Stomatitis (cracking or scaling lips around mouth), growth retardation, convulsions, demyelination of peripheral nerves, and microcytic hypochromic anemia.

    Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)

    • Sources: Abundant in animal products (meat, liver, kidney), and plant products (legumes, wheat, rice), royal jelly is the richest source.
    • Functions: Affecting fatty acid synthase, fatty acyl CoA synthase, pyruvate dehydrogenase, and α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzymes.
    • Important for the synthesis of coenzyme A. An active participant in the extramitochondrial pathway synthesis of fatty acids.
    • Deficiency may cause headaches, fatigue, irritability, intestinal disturbances, vomiting, insomnia, burning feet syndrome, stomach pains, and numbness in hands and feet.

    Biotin (Vitamin H or Coenzyme R)

    • Sources: Synthesized by intestinal bacteria, found in egg yolks, animal tissues, tomatoes, and yeast.
    • Functions: A coenzyme for carboxylase enzymes that catalyze carboxylation reactions, such as pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, and propionyl-CoA carboxylase.
    • Deficiency: Can result in dermatitis, muscle pain, loss of muscular control, pallor, alopecia, hallucinations, depression, immune deficiency disease, and growth retardation.

    Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin)

    • Sources: Meat, eggs, milk, and milk products (absent in vegetables).

    • Affecting enzymes: Homocysteine methyltransferase and methylmalonyl-CoA mutase.

    • Absorption: Absorbed in the ileum after combining with intrinsic factor (IF).

    • Deficiency: Caused by decreased intake (vegetarians), atrophy of gastric mucosa (leading to pernicious anemia), and antibodies to gastric parietal cells.

    • Causes: Decreased intake (vegetarians), atrophy of gastric mucosa (pernicious anemia), presence of antibodies and impaired absorption.

    • Manifestations: Megaloblastic anemia (macrocytic and hyperchromic, due to abnormal DNA replication), neurological manifestations (subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, peripheral neuritis), and increased methylmalonic acid excretion in urine.

    Folic Acid (Vitamin B9)

    • Sources: Leafy vegetables, liver, kidney, and yeast.
    • Physiological Functions: Tetrahydrofolic acid (H4 folate). Involved in carbon group transfers.
    • Deficiency:
      • Pancytopenia (all blood cell types affected): megaloblastic anemia resulting from folate deficiency and B12 deficiency.
      • Impaired growth during deficiency.

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    Vitamins Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the characteristics and functions of vitamins in this comprehensive quiz. You'll cover various aspects of vitamins, including their sources, effects, and related deficiencies. Challenge yourself and enhance your understanding of nutritional science!

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