Nutrition and the Human Body

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Questions and Answers

What are the primary functions of the liver in the digestive system?

The liver produces bile, detoxifies substances, and stores nutrients.

What is the role of alveoli in the respiratory system?

Alveoli facilitate gas exchange by allowing oxygen to be absorbed and carbon dioxide to be expelled.

Identify two major effects of chronic bronchitis.

Chronic bronchitis causes persistent coughing and chest pain.

How does the pancreas contribute to digestion?

<p>The pancreas produces enzymes and hormones, including insulin, that aid in digestion and blood sugar regulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers asthma symptoms?

<p>Asthma symptoms are triggered by bronchial constriction and excess mucus production, often due to allergens or irritants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the process of inhalation in the respiratory system.

<p>Inhalation occurs when the diaphragm contracts, causing the lungs to expand and air to enter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is coeliac disease and its impact on the intestines?

<p>Coeliac disease is an autoimmune reaction to gluten that damages the intestinal lining.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do unicellular organisms obtain nutrients compared to multicellular organisms?

<p>Unicellular organisms directly incorporate nutrients into their bodies, while multicellular organisms utilize complex systems to obtain and transport nutrients.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main functions of nutrition in the human body?

<p>The main functions of nutrition are to provide nutrients for vital processes like growth and energy production, and to eliminate waste to prevent toxicity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the role of the respiratory system in nutrition.

<p>The respiratory system supplies oxygen for metabolism and expels carbon dioxide produced during metabolic activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the progression of food through the digestive tract.

<p>Food enters through the mouth, travels down the pharynx and esophagus, is processed in the stomach, absorbed in the small intestine, and finally moves to the large intestine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What components are responsible for breaking down food in the stomach?

<p>The stomach secretes gastric juice containing pepsin, hydrochloric acid, and rennin to break down proteins and coagulate milk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the small intestine facilitate nutrient absorption?

<p>The small intestine absorbs most nutrients through its villi and microvilli, which increase the surface area for absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functions do the large intestine and associated microbiota serve?

<p>The large intestine absorbs water and forms feces, while the microbiota produce important vitamins such as B12 and K.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the circulatory system in nutrition?

<p>The circulatory system transports oxygen and nutrients from the digestive and respiratory systems to cells throughout the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Pulmonary Ventilation

The process of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide. It involves the physical act of breathing and the exchange of gases in the lungs.

Alveoli

The tiny air sacs in the lungs where gas exchange occurs. They have thin walls and are surrounded by capillaries, allowing oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to be released.

Digestion

The process of breaking down food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the body. This involves mechanical and chemical digestion.

Gastritis

Inflammation of the stomach lining, often caused by bacteria or excessive acid production. It can cause pain, heartburn, and nausea.

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Chronic Bronchitis

A chronic condition characterized by inflammation of the bronchi, often caused by smoking or air pollution. Symptoms include coughing, wheezing, and chest pain.

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Coeliac Disease

An autoimmune reaction to gluten, a protein found in wheat, rye, and barley. It damages the lining of the small intestine, leading to malabsorption of nutrients.

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Hepatitis

An infection of the liver, often caused by viruses, alcohol, or medications. It can lead to inflammation and damage to the liver.

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Cirrhosis

A serious condition characterized by scarring of the liver tissue, impairing its function. It is often caused by chronic alcohol abuse or hepatitis.

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Unicellular vs. Multicellular Nutrition

Unicellular organisms directly absorb nutrients. Multicellular organisms use complex systems like digestion, respiration, circulation, and excretion to obtain and transport nutrients to cells.

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Main Functions of Nutrition

Nutrition provides the body with fuel for essential processes like growth, repair, and energy production. It also helps remove waste products to prevent toxicity.

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Digestive System Function

The digestive system breaks down food into nutrients, absorbs them into the bloodstream, and delivers them to cells. It also eliminates waste products.

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Digestive System Structure

The digestive system includes the digestive tract (a continuous tube) and glands that release digestive juices. The digestive tract consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.

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The Role of the Mouth

The mouth is where food enters the body. Teeth help grind food, and saliva moistens it to form a bolus.

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Pharynx and Esophagus

The pharynx (throat) and esophagus carry food to the stomach through muscle contractions called peristalsis.

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The Stomach's Role

The stomach is a muscular sac that secretes gastric juice containing pepsin (digests protein), hydrochloric acid (activates pepsin and kills bacteria), and rennin (coagulates milk). It mixes food with gastric juice to create chyme.

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The Small Intestine's Role

The small intestine is where most nutrients are absorbed through villi and microvilli. It receives digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, and its own lining. These juices help break down fats, proteins, and carbohydrates.

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Study Notes

Nutrition and the Human Body

  • Unicellular vs. Multicellular Organisms: Unicellular organisms directly absorb nutrients, while multicellular organisms have complex systems for nutrient intake and transport.
  • Main Functions of Nutrition: Providing nutrients for growth, repair, and energy production; eliminating waste products (e.g., CO2) to prevent toxicity.

Systems Involved in Nutrition

  • Digestive System: Breaks down food into nutrients, absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream, and transports them to cells.
  • Respiratory System: Supplies oxygen for metabolism and removes carbon dioxide.
  • Circulatory System: Transports oxygen, nutrients, and waste products throughout the body.
  • Excretory System: Removes waste products like urea and CO2 from the body.

Interconnection of Systems

  • Digestive System: Extracts nutrients from food.
  • Circulatory System: Delivers nutrients and oxygen to cells from the digestive and respiratory systems.
  • Respiratory System: Provides oxygen for energy production and removes carbon dioxide.
  • Excretory System: Filters and removes waste products.

Digestive System - Structure and Function

  • Digestive Tract:

    • Mouth: Ingests food using teeth and saliva.
    • Pharynx and Esophagus: Swallows food and moves it to the stomach via peristalsis.
    • Stomach: Secretes gastric juice to break down food (e.g., proteins).
    • Small Intestine: Absorbs most nutrients through villi and microvilli, where digestive juices mix with chyme.
    • Large Intestine: Absorbs water and forms feces.
    • Rectum and Anus: Eliminates waste.

  • Digestive Glands:

    • Salivary Glands: Produce saliva, initiating carbohydrate digestion.
    • Liver: Produces bile to aid fat digestion, also detoxifies substances.
    • Pancreas: Produces enzymes and hormones like insulin.

Diseases of the Digestive System

  • Teeth: Cavities (decay).
  • Stomach: Gastritis (inflammation), ulcers (erosion of stomach lining).
  • Intestines: Gastroenteritis (inflammation), diarrhea (rapid food movement), Coeliac disease (autoimmune reaction to gluten).
  • Liver: Hepatitis (inflammation), cirrhosis (scarring of liver tissue).

Respiratory System - Function and Structure

  • Function: Supplies oxygen for cellular processes and removes carbon dioxide.
  • Structure:
    • Airways: Nostrils, pharynx , larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli facilitate air flow.
    • Lungs: Contain alveoli, where oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is released.
  • Pulmonary Ventilation: Inhalation (inhaling) and exhalation (exhaling) mechanisms involve diaphragm and lung movements.

Diseases of the Respiratory System

  • Chronic Bronchitis: Persistent inflammation of the bronchi due to factors like smoking.
  • Asthma: Bronchial constriction and mucus production triggered by allergens.
  • Flu: Viral infection causing respiratory discomfort.
  • Pneumonia: Infection causing fluid buildup in the alveoli.
  • Emphysema: Loss of alveoli elasticity, impacting oxygen exchange.
  • COVID-19: Viral infection with ranging disease severity.

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