Nutrition and Metabolism Quiz

Insulin helps cells absorb glucose and store it as glycogen or fat.

The process by which the body maintains a stable level of glucose in the blood.

Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown.

The desired level of glucose in the blood.

Released from the pancreas when blood sugar rises.

Released when blood glucose levels fall.

Liver converts glycogen to glucose when blood sugar is low.

Maintaining a stable internal environment, including blood sugar.

A biological rhythm that is responsive to the availability of food.

Activity that occurs before a predictable event, like feeding.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus, a part of the brain involved in regulating the circadian rhythm.

A natural, internal process that repeats roughly every 24 hours, influencing various bodily functions.

FEO, unlike the SCN (suprachiasmatic nucleus), doesn't critically rely on this brain region for its function.

Genes that control the body's internal clock.

Potential disruption of the circadian rhythm resulting from travel across time zones or irregular work schedules.

A system within the body impacting the circadian rhythm but seemingly not required for food-entrained rhythms

RER is a key indicator of energy expenditure. Knowing the values of RER and oxygen consumption (VO2) allows us to estimate the calories burned and which type of fuel (carbohydrates or lipids) is being used.

Time-Restricted Feeding (TRF) is a dietary strategy that restricts food intake to specific periods of the day, regardless of calorie intake. This can affect energy expenditure and calorie consumption.

Studies have found that limiting feeding duration to 12 hours (regardless of calorie restriction) can result in a significant decrease in calorie intake, averaging around 20% reduction.

Time-Restricted Feeding can influence circadian rhythms, which are the natural, internal processes that repeat roughly every 24 hours.

A biological oscillator in the liver that regulates metabolic processes, influenced by feeding times.

The master clock in the brain that regulates circadian rhythms, including feeding behavior.

The liver clock can operate independently from the SCN, being synchronized by meal timing.

The state when calorie intake equals calorie expenditure, maintaining a stable weight.

The timing of meals influences calorie burning efficiency, affecting weight gain or loss even with equal calories.

Limiting food intake to specific times, like a 4-hour window, to influence the liver clock and metabolism.

A method to measure calorie expenditure by analyzing the respiratory exchange ratio (RER), revealing metabolism details.

A ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed during breathing, indicating what energy source is being used.

The body's natural 24-hour internal clock that regulates various bodily functions, including metabolism.

A disruption in the timing of metabolic processes, often due to irregular eating patterns.

Eating food close to bedtime, which can disrupt the circadian rhythm and lead to metabolic dys-synchrony.

A dietary approach that restricts food intake to specific periods of the day, regardless of calorie intake.

Time-Restricted Feeding can lead to quicker recovery, earlier hospital discharge, and reduced hyperglycemia compared to continuous feeding.

The timing of meals significantly influences calorie burning efficiency, affecting weight gain or loss even with equal calorie intake.

When your metabolic processes are out of sync, you become more resistant to the effects of insulin, potentially leading to blood sugar fluctuations, particularly during periods of sleep.

Working at night reduces the total amount of energy a person burns in a day, which can contribute to weight gain and obesity.

Eating at inconsistent times or outside of the body's natural rhythm can negatively impact how efficiently fat is burned, potentially leading to weight gain.

The process of breaking down fats for energy is affected by meal timing, impacting how weight is gained or lost.

Limiting feeding time to around 12 hours per day has been shown to significantly reduce calorie intake, even without calorie restriction.

Patients recovering from certain procedures may receive nutrition through intravenous (IV) fluids, bypassing normal eating routines.

The concept of TRF, while not directly related to IV feeding, could potentially have implications for patients recovering from procedures and their nutritional strategies.

The biological response of organisms to changes in day length, influencing processes like flowering in plants and seasonal behaviors in animals.

A tobacco cultivar that was a spontaneous mutant, demonstrating that day length controls flowering in plants.

A plant that flowers when the day length is shorter than a critical threshold, often flowering in the fall or winter.

A plant that flowers when the day length is longer than a critical threshold, often flowering in the spring or summer.

Scientists who first discovered photoperiodism in 1920, revolutionizing our understanding of plant growth and development.

A classic experiment testing the "circadian model" of photoperiodic time measurement (PPTM) in plants. It involves exposing plants to different day lengths (LD cycles) and observing their growth response.

In the Nanda-Hamner experiment, plants exposed to specific LD cycles close to their critical photoperiod (the day length required for a response) show a rhythmic growth pattern, reflecting a "resonance" with their internal circadian clock.

An experiment testing the "circadian model" by exposing plants to different cycles of darkness (T) and observing their growth response, revealing how their internal clocks react to changes in the duration of darkness.

The process by which plants measure the relative lengths of day and night to regulate their seasonal development, such as flowering or dormancy.

The hormone melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, plays a significant role in photoperiodic time measurement (PTM), particularly in regulating seasonal changes in animals.

The pattern of melatonin production differs in animals depending on the length of daylight hours, with higher levels at night during shorter days compared to longer days.

The differences in melatonin profiles between long and short days suggest that melatonin plays a crucial role in regulating seasonal changes in various physiological processes, including reproduction and hibernation.

In mammals, light information is perceived by the eyes and transmitted to the pineal gland via the SCN. The pineal gland produces melatonin, a hormone that encodes the length of night and regulates TSH secretion.

The pars tuberalis, a part of the pituitary gland, plays a role in PPTM by regulating TSH secretion in response to melatonin signals from the pineal gland.

Unlike mammals, birds have deep brain photoreceptors that receive light information directly, inducing TSH secretion from the pars tuberalis.

Specialized ependymal cells in the third ventricle of the brain that are involved in the communication between the hypothalamus and the pars tuberalis, playing a role in PPTM.

Thyroxine (T4) and TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone) are hormones that are involved in PPTM in both birds and mammals.

In mammals, light information perceived by the eyes is transmitted to the SCN, which then influences the pineal gland's melatonin production, impacting TSH secretion and seasonal changes.

Mammals perceive light only through their eyes and rely on the pineal gland for melatonin production. Birds, however, have deep brain photoreceptors that directly induce TSH secretion, bypassing the pineal gland.

A biological rhythm that generates seasonal or annual cycles, independent of environmental cues. It continues in consistent conditions (constant darkness or light) with a cyclical period close to a year.

The process of adjusting the circannual clock to a 12-month period by external environmental cues, mainly day length.

The natural, internal cycle of the circannual clock without external cues, often lasting around 10 months.

A key hormone acting as a 'master controller' for seasonal reproduction in both birds and mammals.

The possible interaction between TSH, regulating seasonal reproduction, and the control of overall metabolism.

Photoperiodism is the biological response of organisms to changes in day length or night length. It influences a wide variety of processes, including flowering in plants and seasonal behaviors in animals.

Long-day plants flower when the day length is longer than a critical threshold. They typically flower in the spring or summer when days are longer.

Short-day plants flower when the day length is shorter than a critical threshold. They typically flower in the fall or winter when days are shorter.

A restless behavior observed in migratory birds, particularly during periods of impending migration.

Zugunruhe is a German term that describes migratory restlessness or anxiety in birds, indicating their innate urge to migrate.

Entrainment is the process of synchronizing a biological rhythm, like circannual clocks, to external cues, such as changes in day length.

Monarch butterflies migrate thousands of miles annually, taking advantage of the sun's UV polarization to navigate.

Both European and Siberian Stonechats are birds that exhibit varying migratory patterns, influenced by environmental factors.

Animals, especially birds, use the sun's position to navigate, even on cloudy days by detecting its plane of UV polarization.

Migrating birds experience annual cycles that involve changes in behavior, physiology, and morphology, including reproduction, molting, and migration.