Nutrition and Metabolism Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What does the Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER) indicate regarding energy expenditure?

The duration of the active and inactive periods.

The relative contribution of carbohydrates and lipids. (correct)

The total caloric intake for a day.

The amount of carbohydrates used exclusively.

Which of the following statements about caloric intake is true when eating time is restricted?

Subjects reported a 20% reduction in calories consumed. (correct)

Caloric intake was not affected by feeding time restriction.

Subjects showed a 20% increase in caloric intake.

Subjects consume more calories overall.

What triggers the release of insulin in the body?

Exercising vigorously

Rising blood glucose level (correct)

Low fat consumption

High protein intake

During which period is carbohydrate metabolism predominantly utilized according to the RER findings?

During the active period (night). Signup and view all the answers

What happens to insulin release when blood glucose levels return to the set point?

It diminishes Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the high-fat diet when compared to regular chow in terms of metabolic response?

It alters the types of metabolites used for energy. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using mobile apps as discussed in the study by Gill and Panda?

To answer questions related to circadian rhythms and feeding. Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is released by the alpha cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are low?

Glucagon Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucagon in the body?

Convert glycogen back to glucose Signup and view all the answers

What physiological state occurs when blood glucose levels fall too low?

Hypoglycemia Signup and view all the answers

How does glucose transport change in response to rising blood glucose levels?

Glucose is transported into cells and converted to glycogen Signup and view all the answers

When do the alpha cells stop releasing glucagon?

When blood glucose levels rise Signup and view all the answers

What occurs if insulin sensitivity decreases in the body?

Higher blood glucose levels Signup and view all the answers

What primarily sets the phase of the liver peripheral oscillator?

The time of feeding Signup and view all the answers

What effect does restricting high fat feeding to the active phase have on mice?

It prevents weight gain Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence energy balance according to the content?

Your genetic makeup Signup and view all the answers

In the context of energy balance, which two components are crucial?

Calories IN and Calories OUT Signup and view all the answers

What does the respiratory exchange ratio help to measure?

Proportion of carbohydrates vs fats metabolized Signup and view all the answers

What was a finding regarding mice under feeding restriction?

They do not show changes in calorie intake or activity Signup and view all the answers

What two factors are included in the energy expenditure category?

Basal metabolic rate and physical activity Signup and view all the answers

How does the time of feeding relate to the liver clock?

It helps synchronize the liver clock to meal timing Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the Food Entrainable Oscillator (FEO) in relation to feeding behavior?

It regulates anticipatory activity before feeding. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes the relationship between clock genes and the FEO?

Disrupting clock genes diminishes the FEO effect. Signup and view all the answers

What implication does the functionality of FEO without the SCN suggest?

FEO can function independently of the master clock. Signup and view all the answers

Why is the role of the SCN considered unique within the mammalian circadian system?

It is the master clock and influences all biological rhythms. Signup and view all the answers

What does anticipatory locomotor activity refer to?

Activity patterns that occur prior to food availability. Signup and view all the answers

What can disrupt the synchronization of circadian rhythms in mammals?

Light exposure during the night. Signup and view all the answers

What condition would best illustrate the need for both FEO and SCN function?

Normal eating patterns synchronized with sleep. Signup and view all the answers

What is the current understanding of the neuronal locus associated with FEO behavior?

FEO behavior occurs without a known neuronal locus. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does nightshift work have on total daily energy expenditure?

Reduces total daily energy expenditure Signup and view all the answers

How can meal timing affect weight management according to the research?

It can impact lipid oxidation Signup and view all the answers

In the context of lipid oxidation, what meal timing has been studied?

Both early and late night feeding Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the study populations mentioned for IV feeding in the hospital?

Children recovering from HSCT Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of suboptimal meal timing?

Unwanted weight gain Signup and view all the answers

What is a finding regarding lipid oxidation levels during specific feeding regimes?

Lipid oxidation varies significantly with daily feeding patterns Signup and view all the answers

What is a benefit of restricting IV feeding to daytime only?

Patients recover more quickly. Signup and view all the answers

What does the research imply about the relationship between lipid oxidation and weight management?

Changes in lipid oxidation can influence weight gain or loss Signup and view all the answers

What dietary strategy could potentially be used to enhance lipid oxidation?

Optimizing meal timing for activity levels Signup and view all the answers

What metabolic effect can occur from feeding at irregular times?

Metabolic dys-synchrony. Signup and view all the answers

How does eating before bedtime affect metabolism?

It delays the switch to lipid burning mode. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence for individuals with Night Eating syndrome?

Dysregulation of glucose and insulin levels. Signup and view all the answers

Why might continuous IV feeding lead to hyperglycemia in patients?

Continuous feeding can lead to insulin resistance. Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the amount of calories burned when there is metabolic dys-synchrony?

Calories burned decrease. Signup and view all the answers

Which group of patients is more likely to recover quickly?

Patients with IV feeding restricted to daytime. Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to increased fat accumulation before bedtime?

Eating irregular meals throughout the day. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of photoperiodism in plants?

To regulate flowering based on daylength Signup and view all the answers

Which plant cultivar is mentioned as a spontaneous mutant that exhibits specific flowering responses?

Maryland Mammoth Signup and view all the answers

What type of plant typically requires shorter day lengths to flower?

Short-day plant Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested by the term 'circannual rhythms' in the context of biology?

Cycles that last throughout the year Signup and view all the answers

Who were the researchers credited with the early findings on photoperiodism in plants?

W.Garner and H.Allard Signup and view all the answers

Which factor primarily entrains the circannual clock in many species?

Day length Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic defines a circannual clock?

It generates cycles without environmental input. Signup and view all the answers

In laboratory conditions, what was noted about golden-mantled ground squirrels regarding hibernation?

They had never experienced seasonal changes. Signup and view all the answers

What role does TSH play in the context of seasonal reproduction?

It serves as a master factor in regulating reproductive cycles across species. Signup and view all the answers

What is a main characteristic of the circannual cycles observed in various species?

They maintain a consistent 12-month period once entrained. Signup and view all the answers

What effect does the introduction of artificial lighting in human culture have on traditional annual cycles?

It dramatically alters human life and behavior. Signup and view all the answers

In the Nanda-Hamner experiment, what would indicate a short-day response in the LH hormone response?

Increased duration of darkness in the cycle. Signup and view all the answers

What role does melatonin potentially have in lower mammals' reproduction?

It might stimulate reproductive functions. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor challenges the conclusion that humans do not experience photoperiodism?

Artificial indoor lighting. Signup and view all the answers

What is the critical photoperiod (PP) for long days according to the Nanda-Hamner experiment?

Approximately 12 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception regarding the effects of photoperiodism in humans?

Humans are completely unaffected by light cycles. Signup and view all the answers

How does melatonin production vary between long and short days?

Melatonin profiles differ between long days and short days Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the effect of light on melatonin levels?

Melatonin production is suppressed by light Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of the 'circadian model' is tested with the T-cycle experiment?

The consistency of resonating cycles across different day lengths Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'hourglass model' refer to in terms of photoperiodic time measurement?

An interpretation of photoperiodic response based solely on natural days Signup and view all the answers

Why are melatonin levels in the blood considered to represent the 'hormone of darkness'?

They are related to nighttime production Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of analyzing the melatonin profile across different species?

It highlights variations in environmental adaptations Signup and view all the answers

What role does the Nanda-Hamner Resonance Experiment play in photoperiodic time measurement?

It provides insights into the interaction of light and circadian responses Signup and view all the answers

What regulates GnRH secretion and subsequently gonadotropin secretion from the anterior pituitary gland?

Circadian rhythms Signup and view all the answers

In mammals, what is the pathway for light information to regulate TSH secretion?

From the eye to the pineal gland via the SCN Signup and view all the answers

Which cells in the 3rd ventricle are involved in the photoperiodic time measurement in mammals?

Tanycytes Signup and view all the answers

How does the melatonin signal from the pineal gland affect TSH secretion?

It encodes the length of night affecting TSH secretion Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant difference between the photoperiodic signal transduction in mammals compared to birds?

Mammals transmit light information via the SCN while birds use different receptors Signup and view all the answers

What role do thyroxine and TSH play in photoperiodic time measurement in birds and mammals?

They are involved in the encoding of day length Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is essential for transmitting light information in mammals?

SCN Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the pineal gland in relation to light signals?

To secrete melatonin based on light duration Signup and view all the answers

What role do black bars play in the study of hibernation in stonechats?

Signify periods of hibernation Signup and view all the answers

During the annual migration of monarch butterflies, what occurs in March?

They lay eggs for the next generation Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by 'zugunruhe' in the context of migratory birds?

A migratory restlessness observed in birds Signup and view all the answers

Which species exemplifies the role of circannual clocks in migration and provides cues for physiological changes?

Blackcap Signup and view all the answers

How does the annual cycle of monarch butterflies typically progress?

Multiple generations are involved in the round trip Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of circannual rhythms allows them to adapt to environmental changes?

They can be entrained by changes in photoperiod Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the 12:12 photoperiod in the study of stonechats?

Represents a constant light condition Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary method by which monarch butterflies orient themselves during migration?

Detecting the sun's position using UV polarization Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

BSci 3230 Study Notes

These files are for BSci 3230 student use only for studying for exams and not to be copied or distributed, they may contain copyrighted material
The course focuses on Biological Clocks and Metabolism
Topics covered include obesity, biological clocks and metabolism in model systems (mice), Food-Entrainable Oscillator (FEO), Time-restricted Feeding (daily), and biological clocks and metabolism in humans
Prevalence maps of obesity in the USA (2020) categorized by race are included;
- Asians, Whites, Hispanics, and African Americans.
Night-time light exposure may disrupt daily clocks, potentially causing metabolic disorders.
Shift work in humans is linked to obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease due to physiological maladaptation
Circadian misalignment, induced by a T28 Forced Desynchrony protocol, can cause metabolic dysfunction, affecting leptin, glucose, insulin, arterial blood pressure and sleep efficiency.
Biological clocks and metabolism are studied in model systems of mice
Circadian-controlled gene expression (mRNA) is examined in mouse adipose tissues, including brown adipose tissue (BAT), inguinal white adipose tissue (iWAT), and epididymal (male gonadal) white adipose tissue (eWAT).
Circadian patterns exist in 650 genes across liver, BAT, and iWAT.
Results of studies on mice with mutant or knocked-out clock genes show impacting factors of hormones (e.g., insulin, glucocorticoids), time of food intake, light and metabolic stimuli.
Genetic disruption of the clock leads to fat accumulation in mice (Bmal1-ko mice).
Studies on mouse models (mutant "Clock" gene) demonstrated impacts on energy intake, body weight, activity, and metabolic rate
The control of glucose levels in the blood involves the pancreas, where beta cells produce insulin and alpha cells produce glucagon. Insulin is released after a meal when blood glucose rises, stimulating cells to transport glucose and convert to glycogen/fats; glucagon is released when blood sugar drops for liver conversion of glycogen to glucose).
Insulin sensitivity/resistance measurements use insulin clamps to measure glucose levels using continuous insulin infusion and adjusted glucose infusion rate
Insulin sensitivity shows daily rhythmicity, with lower sensitivity during the inactive phase (for mice), with specific results at certain times of day.
Time-Restricted Feeding (TRF) is discussed, with findings on the potential separation between the liver's circadian clock and the SCN. The phase of the liver peripheral oscillator can change with feeding patterns and be uncoupled from SCN to entrained to meal timing.
Energy balance is also important; the factors affecting energy intake (calories IN), weight gain, calorie output and weight loss. Included in that are baseline metabolism and exercise.
Calorie intake and activity in mice under restricted feeding are examined, indicating the potential lack of change in calorie intake and activity, despite the restriction.
Restricting high-fat feeding specifically during active phase / daytime prevented obesity in mice.
Measuring calories involves indirect calorimetry. Glucose and fat oxidation are factors in determining how to determine the metabolic processes underway in indirect calorimetry, along with RER factors.
Energy expenditure, as measured by RER, can show higher rates in restricted feeding groups.
Implications of jet lag and shift work in humans are discussed in some contexts related to conflicting meal times
Mobile apps, such as myCircadianClock, are being used to study circadian rhythms in humans.
Feeding time and eating duration in humans are highly variable.
Restricting eating duration to 12 hours affects caloric intake.
Early Time-Restricted Feeding (TRF) reduces appetite, increases fat oxidation but doesn't affect energy expenditure in humans
Meal Timing Regulates the Human Circadian System.
Simulated shiftwork schedule impacts metabolic rate.
Meal timing work in a Johnson lab setting is examined.
Suboptimal meal timing can affect lipid oxidation, and consequently, weight gain/loss.
An important example of TRF is using IV feeding given in the hospital to patients.

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Description

Test your understanding of key concepts in nutrition and metabolism, including the Respiratory Exchange Ratio (RER), insulin release mechanisms, and the effects of various diets on metabolic response. This quiz covers critical physiological processes related to energy expenditure and glucose regulation.