Nutrition and Metabolism: Dietary Lipids

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Questions and Answers

What percentage of total energy intake is contributed by dietary fat in the average UK diet?

40% (correct)

30%

20%

50%

Which of the following is a function of essential fatty acids in the body?

Vitamin D synthesis

Glycogen storage

Precursors of eicosanoids (correct)

Protein synthesis

According to the UK DoH recommendation, what is the daily intake of essential fatty acids?

5-10 g/day

10-15 g/day

2-5 g/day (correct)

1-2 g/day

What is the estimated number of deaths per year in the UK due to cardiovascular disease?

168,000 Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of deaths in the UK due to cardiovascular disease?

25% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following omega-3 fatty acids is important for brain development?

Linolenic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is a result of low CHO diets?

Fat utilisation and ketosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of sorbitol?

Commercially prepared foods, mainly for diabetics Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of sucrose to prevent dental caries?

Less than 60g/day Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique aspect of lactose tolerance?

Many non-European populations cannot tolerate lactose Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of inositol in the body?

It interferes with the absorption of iron and calcium Signup and view all the answers

What is the current average intake of free sugars in England?

Around 105g/day Signup and view all the answers

What is the death rate from CVD per 100,000 population in the Russian Federation for men?

1200 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following countries has the lowest death rate from CVD per 100,000 population in 2022?

South Korea Signup and view all the answers

What is a known risk factor for CVD?

High serum cholesterol (Low Density Lipoprotein) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of increasing polyunsaturated fatty acids in the diet on blood cholesterol?

It decreases LDL and total cholesterol Signup and view all the answers

What type of cancer do immigrants tend to suffer from in their host population?

The type of cancer more common in their country of origin Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total energy in the diet is provided by carbohydrates in affluent societies?

40% Signup and view all the answers

What is the main source of carbohydrates in the diet?

Plant origin Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of trans fat intake on HDL?

It decreases HDL Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of free sugars for males from 11 years old, including adults?

less than 30g/day Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of total energy intake is contributed by protein in a healthy diet?

10-15% Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily protein intake for adults in the UK?

0.75g/kg body weight Signup and view all the answers

What type of polysaccharide is commonly found in cereals, vegetables, and fruits?

Non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) Signup and view all the answers

What health problems are associated with low intakes of non-starch polysaccharides?

Constipation, diverticular disease, appendicitis, and colon cancer Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between 'high quality' proteins and 'low quality' proteins?

High quality proteins have higher utilisation and less waste, with an amino acid pattern nearer that of body protein Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of free sugars for females from 11 years old, including adults?

less than 44g/day Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily protein intake for newborns?

2.4g/kg/day Signup and view all the answers

Why are mixtures of 'low quality' proteins important in poor countries?

Because they can complement each other's deficits in certain amino acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the type of polysaccharides found in cereals, vegetables, and fruits?

Non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended daily intake of free sugars for males from 4-6 years old?

less than 19g/day Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of under-five deaths attributed to nutrition-related factors?

45% Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of non-starch polysaccharide-rich foods?

Low in energy and high in bulk Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a consequence of excessive protein intake?

Bone demineralisation Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of children who suffer from growth retardation due to malnutrition?

300 million Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated number of children who die every year from malnutrition?

5 million Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Macronutrients and Energy

Average UK diet: 88g fat, 40% of total energy intake
Dietary lipids: triacylglycerols (TAGS) and small amount of cholesterol (0.5-1.0 g)
Essential fatty acids: linoleic acid (C18:2 ω6) and linolenic acid (C18:3 ω3)

Fat and Cardiovascular Disease

168,000 people die in the UK from CVD every year
48,000 under the age of 75
Highest single cause of death in men and women in Europe
Death rates from CVD/100,000 populations:
- Highest: Tajikistan 389, Azerbaijan 388, Uzbekistan 354
- Lowest: Spain 34, Israel 34, Japan 30, France 30, South Korea 28
Risk factors: genetic susceptibility, smoking, sedentary lifestyle, high blood pressure, high serum cholesterol, obesity, diabetes, trans fat intake
Dietary lipids: saturated fatty acids increase LDL and total cholesterol, trans fat decreases HDL

Carbohydrate

40% of total energy of diet in affluent societies, 80-90% in poor populations
Types: starch, non-starch polysaccharides (fibre), sugars (mainly sucrose)
Plant origin, except lactose and small amount of glycogen
Needed for protein-sparing effect, low CHO diets lead to fat utilization and ketosis
Monosaccharides: glucose, fructose, sorbitol, inositol
Disaccharides: sucrose, lactose

Protein

10-15% of total energy of diet, US/UK 14%, developing countries 10%
UK recommendations: 0.75g/kg body weight for adults, 1.5g/kg/day maximum
Need for protein: essential amino acids for synthesizing new protein, catecholamines, thyroid hormones, neurotransmitters, haem, glutathione
Protein quality: proteins of animal origin more effective in supporting growth, 'high quality' proteins have higher utilization and less waste
Protein requirements:
- Newborn: 2.4 g/kg/day
- 3 months: 1.9 g/kg/day
- 6 months: 1.6 g/kg/day
- 12 months: 1.4 g/kg/day
- Adult: 0.75 g/kg/day

Protein-Energy Malnutrition

Growth Failure: marasmus, kwashiorkor, marasmic kwashiorkor
Incidence and prevalence: 5 million children die every year from malnutrition, 300 million children have growth retardation due to malnutrition

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Description

This quiz covers the importance of dietary lipids, including triacylglycerols, cholesterol, and essential fatty acids in the average UK diet. It also explores the role of lipids in membrane phospholipids and eicosanoids.