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Questions and Answers
What is the definition of overweight?
What is the definition of overweight?
- BMI greater or equal to 25 (correct)
- Waist-to-hip ratio less than 0.8
- BMI less than 18.5
- Waist circumference greater than 40 inches
What is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
What is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease?
- High waist-to-hip ratio
- Abdominal obesity (correct)
- Low waist circumference
- Underweight
What is a cause of overweight and obesity?
What is a cause of overweight and obesity?
- Lack of sleep
- Stress
- Physical activity
- Biology (correct)
What is the significance of waist-to-hip ratio?
What is the significance of waist-to-hip ratio?
What is a health concern among Emirati women in 2017?
What is a health concern among Emirati women in 2017?
What is a complication of abdominal obesity?
What is a complication of abdominal obesity?
What is a parameter used to assess overweight and obesity?
What is a parameter used to assess overweight and obesity?
What is a hormonal imbalance that can contribute to overweight and obesity?
What is a hormonal imbalance that can contribute to overweight and obesity?
What percentage of body weight reduction is recommended for weight loss?
What percentage of body weight reduction is recommended for weight loss?
Why is weight loss contraindicated in pregnant females?
Why is weight loss contraindicated in pregnant females?
What is the primary focus for children in weight loss?
What is the primary focus for children in weight loss?
What percentage of overweight individuals can maintain a 10% body weight loss through lifestyle modification for at least 1 year?
What percentage of overweight individuals can maintain a 10% body weight loss through lifestyle modification for at least 1 year?
What is a major factor contributing to the increased consumption of calories?
What is a major factor contributing to the increased consumption of calories?
What type of diet yields an energy deficit and results in weight loss?
What type of diet yields an energy deficit and results in weight loss?
Which of the following is a health risk associated with obesity?
Which of the following is a health risk associated with obesity?
What is a risk associated with very low-calorie diets?
What is a risk associated with very low-calorie diets?
What is a characteristic of a sedentary lifestyle?
What is a characteristic of a sedentary lifestyle?
Why is careful evaluation necessary for older adults in weight loss?
Why is careful evaluation necessary for older adults in weight loss?
Which of the following medications can increase appetite or reduce metabolic rate?
Which of the following medications can increase appetite or reduce metabolic rate?
What should not be encouraged in children for weight loss?
What should not be encouraged in children for weight loss?
What is a consequence of food insecurity and poverty?
What is a consequence of food insecurity and poverty?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of overweight and obesity?
Which of the following is NOT a cause of overweight and obesity?
What is a characteristic of a diet with low carbohydrate intake?
What is a characteristic of a diet with low carbohydrate intake?
What is a potential risk of a very low fat diet?
What is a potential risk of a very low fat diet?
What type of nutrient intake is associated with muscle loss?
What type of nutrient intake is associated with muscle loss?
What is a goal of diet treatment options for weight loss?
What is a goal of diet treatment options for weight loss?
What is a type of bariatric surgery?
What is a type of bariatric surgery?
What is a risk of bariatric surgery?
What is a risk of bariatric surgery?
What is the percentage of adult obesity in the UAE according to the National Health Survey in 2019?
What is the percentage of adult obesity in the UAE according to the National Health Survey in 2019?
What is the recommended percentage of weight loss for medical and nutritional interventions?
What is the recommended percentage of weight loss for medical and nutritional interventions?
What is the primary basis for a personalized approach to obesity treatment?
What is the primary basis for a personalized approach to obesity treatment?
Which of the following is NOT a parameter for physical assessment in obesity treatment?
Which of the following is NOT a parameter for physical assessment in obesity treatment?
What is the primary goal of weight management in obesity treatment?
What is the primary goal of weight management in obesity treatment?
Which of the following population groups requires specific recommendations for weight loss?
Which of the following population groups requires specific recommendations for weight loss?
What is the benefit of surgical intervention in obesity treatment compared to diet and exercise?
What is the benefit of surgical intervention in obesity treatment compared to diet and exercise?
What is the significance of measuring BMI in obesity treatment?
What is the significance of measuring BMI in obesity treatment?
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Study Notes
Overweight and Obesity
- Overweight and obesity is the accumulation of excess body fat, defined by a BMI ≥ 25.
- Abdominal obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and is defined by waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio.
- Waist-to-hip ratio is a measure of abdominal obesity.
Causes of Overweight and Obesity
- Biological factors:
- Metabolic disorders (e.g. hypothyroid disease)
- Hormones that affect appetite and satiety
- Environmental factors:
- Increased consumption of calories and decreased energy expenditure
- Calorie-dense foods
- Increased portions
- Technological and sedentary lifestyle factors:
- Decreased energy expenditure
- Less physical labor and lack of exercise
- Food insecurity and poverty:
- Intake of low-cost, high-fat foods
- Medication:
- Some medications increase appetite or reduce metabolic rate (e.g. antipsychotics, antidepressants, mood stabilizers, anticonvulsants, and corticosteroids)
Health Risks of Obesity
- Infertility
- Congenital abnormality
- Certain cancers
- Degenerative joint disease
- Gastroesophageal reflux
- Kidney stones
- Gallstones
- Fatty liver disease
Obesity in UAE
- Adult obesity in the UAE stands at 27.8% (2019)
- Nearly 70% of Emirati male adults under 30 are obese (2019)
Medical and Nutritional Interventions
- Weight loss is recommended (5-10% reduction)
- Surgical intervention results in greater weight loss than diet and exercise
- Assessment is a basis for personalized approach and customized advice
- Measurement of BMI, waist circumference, and waist-to-hip ratio
Treatment Options
- Weight management goals:
- Behaviors and health outcomes (short and long term)
- Addressing barriers to weight loss
- Reasonable and achievable goals
- A reduction of 10% of body weight is recommended
- Lifestyle modifications:
- Diet
- Physical activity
- Behavior modification
- Population-specific recommendations:
- Children: not suitable for strict diets, need lifestyle modification
- Pregnant females: weight loss is contraindicated
- Older adults: careful evaluation is necessary due to risk of malnutrition
Diet and Lifestyle Modifications
- Low-calorie diets:
- Range from near starvation to merely subtracting 500-1000 calories from one's baseline daily energy needs
- Risks: fluid and electrolyte loss, inadequate nutrient intake, muscle loss
- Nutrient-altered diets:
- Low-carbohydrate diets: risk of ketosis, often high in fat
- Moderate fat, moderate to high carbohydrate diets: generally balanced
- Low-fat or very low-fat diets: high in carbohydrates, may lead to high triglycerides
Surgical Interventions
- Bariatric surgery:
- Types: restrictive (gastric banding, adjustable banding), restrictive/malabsorptive (Roux-en-Y, biliopancreatic diversion)
- Risks: operative mortality
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