Questions and Answers
What is the definition of the units by which energy is measured?
Calories
A measure of the energy a food provides relative to the weight of the food (kcalories per gram) is what?
Energy density
The amount of energy a food provides depends on how much of what it contains?
Carbs, fat and protein
Carbs, fat and protein yield how many kilocalories each?
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High energy density helps with what?
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Low energy density helps with what?
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Organic, essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health are what?
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Inorganic elements that are essential nutrients required in small amounts by the body for health are what?
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The complete set of genetic material in an organism or a cell, studied in genomics, is called what?
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The science of how nutrients affect the activities of genes and how genes affect the interactions between diet and disease is what?
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A personal account of an experience or event that is not reliable scientific information is what?
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An experiment in which the subjects do not know whether they are members of the experimental group or the control group is?
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A group of individuals similar in all possible respects to the experimental group except for the treatment is what?
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The simultaneous increase, decrease, or change in two variables is called what?
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An experiment in which neither the subject nor the researchers know which subjects are members of the experimental group and which are serving as control subjects is called what?
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A group of individuals similar in all possible respects to the control group except for the treatment is called what?
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An unproven statement that tentatively explains the relationships between two or more variables is?
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A process in which a panel of scientists rigorously evaluates a research study to ensure that the scientific method was followed is?
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An inert harmless medication given to provide comfort and hope, used in controlled research studies is?
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A change that occurs in response to expectations about the effectiveness of a treatment that actually has no pharmaceutical effects is?
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A process of choosing the members of the experimental and control groups without bias is?
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Repeating an experiment and getting the same results is?
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The people or animals participating in a research project are called?
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A tentative explanation that integrates many and diverse findings to further the understanding of a defined topic is?
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Having the quality of being founded on fact or evidence is?
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Factors that change and may depend on another variable or may be independent and sometimes both correlate with a third are called?
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A set of nutrient intake values for healthy people in the United States and Canada is called?
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Study Notes
Energy Measurement
- Energy from food is measured in kilocalories (kcal). One kcal raises the temperature of 1 kg of water by 1°C.
- The terms 'kcal' and 'calorie' are used interchangeably in scientific and popular contexts.
Energy Density
- Energy density refers to the energy a food provides relative to its weight, expressed in kcalories per gram.
Macronutrient Contribution
- The energy provided by macronutrients is as follows:
- Carbohydrates yield 4 kcal per gram.
- Fats yield 9 kcal per gram.
- Proteins yield 4 kcal per gram.
Effects of Energy Density
- High energy density foods are associated with weight gain.
- Low energy density foods are beneficial for weight loss.
Essential Nutrients
- Vitamins are organic compounds required in small amounts for health.
- Minerals are inorganic elements essential for body functions.
Genetic Material and Nutrition
- The complete set of genetic material in an organism is known as the genome.
- Nutritional genomics studies the influence of nutrients on gene activity and their role in diet-related diseases.
Research Methodology
- Anecdotes are personal and unreliable accounts that lack scientific validation.
- In a blind experiment, subjects are unaware of their group assignment (experimental or control).
- A control group is similar to the experimental group but does not receive the treatment, often receiving a placebo.
Correlation and Experiment Types
- Correlation indicates whether two variables change together (positive: both increase/decrease together; negative: one increases as the other decreases).
- A double-blind experiment masks group assignments from both subjects and researchers until study completion.
Research Design
- The experimental group receives the actual treatment being tested.
- A hypothesis is an unproven statement predicting relationships between variables.
- Peer review involves assessing research rigor to ensure scientific integrity.
Placebo and Its Effects
- A placebo is an inert substance used for comparison in clinical trials.
- The placebo effect refers to changes in outcomes due to participants' expectations rather than actual treatment effects.
Randomization and Replication
- Randomization ensures unbiased selection of experimental and control group members.
- Replication of experiments confirms the reliability of results.
Research Subjects
- Subjects are the individuals (people or animals) participating in research studies.
Theory and Validity
- A theory is a comprehensive explanation integrating diverse findings on a topic.
- Validity refers to the reliance on factual evidence in conclusions and research outcomes.
Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI)
- DRIs provide a framework for nutrient intake values tailored for healthy individuals in the U.S. and Canada, encompassing:
- Estimated Average Requirements (EAR)
- Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)
- Adequate Intake (AI)
- Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (UL)
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Description
This quiz explores the concepts of energy measurement in nutrition, including kilocalories, energy density, and macronutrient contribution. Test your knowledge about how different macronutrients provide energy and their effects on body weight. Additionally, the roles of essential nutrients in health are covered.
