Questions and Answers
What is the chemical structure characteristic of alcohols, including ethanol?
Alcohols, including ethanol, have one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups in their chemical structures.
What is the purpose of yeast in the commercial production of alcoholic beverages?
Yeast breaks down simple sugars in the absence of oxygen to obtain energy, producing alcohol as a metabolic waste product.
What is required for the production of alcohol through fermentation?
Certain microbes, warm conditions, and a source of simple sugars are required for alcohol production through fermentation.
What is the term used to describe the two-carbon compound found in beer, wine, vodka, and other alcoholic beverages?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the significance of the 21st birthday in American culture?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary purpose of this section in the textbook?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the context in which people often consume alcoholic beverages, according to the textbook?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the role of microbes in the production of alcohol?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three main types of beverages that typically contain 3 to 6%, 8 to 14%, and 7% alcohol by volume?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the percentage of alcohol in distilled spirits, and how can you determine it from the label?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary site for metabolizing alcohol in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the maximum concentration of alcohol that yeast can tolerate before dying?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the amount of energy (in kcal) provided by one gram of alcohol?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the absorption of alcohol when it is consumed with meals?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the enzyme responsible for metabolizing up to 20% of the alcohol in the stomach?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the substance formed when acetaldehyde is metabolized by aldehyde dehydrogenase?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the approximate amount of alcohol (in grams) in a standard drink?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the site where detoxification of alcohol begins?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to the liver's ability to metabolize alcohol when a person consumes excessive amounts during a drinking binge?
Signup and view all the answers
Why do alcoholics typically gain little weight from their energy intake when alcohol supplies most of their energy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the rate at which a healthy 154-pound person metabolizes alcohol?
Signup and view all the answers
What factors affect the body's detoxification rate of alcohol?
Signup and view all the answers
How do the lungs and kidneys eliminate alcohol from the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the legal limit for intoxication for automobile operators in the United States?
Signup and view all the answers
Why do women tend to become more impaired than men after drinking the same amount of alcohol?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between BAC and the number of alcoholic drinks consumed on an empty stomach per hour?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of women drinking heavily compared to men who drink heavily?
Signup and view all the answers
Why do individuals vary in their response to alcohol?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of chronic drinking on the gastrointestinal tract?
Signup and view all the answers
How does alcohol affect every cell in the body?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the estimated number of Americans who die each year as a result of excessive alcohol use?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of alcohol on the central nervous system?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the risk of cancers associated with chronic alcohol consumption?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of BAC levels between 0.08 and 0.15% on the drinker?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of intestinal contents leaking into the abdominal cavity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the relationship between chronic alcohol consumption and the risk of pancreatic diseases?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the impact of chronic alcohol abuse on the body's organs?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of alcohol on motor functioning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the condition caused when fat accumulates in liver cells due to heavy drinking, which may be reversible if the affected person avoids alcohol for an extended period?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the irreversible condition caused by the buildup of fat in liver cells, where tough scar tissue replaces liver cells?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the benefit of consuming light to moderate amounts of alcohol on HDL cholesterol levels and platelet stickiness?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of cancer is associated with heavy drinking, especially when combined with smoking tobacco products?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the risk associated with women consuming one or more drinks daily compared to women who avoid alcohol or drink less than one standard drink per day?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of chronic alcohol abuse on the liver?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the condition caused by the inflammation of the liver in alcoholics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the photograph in Figure 6.30 showing?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the benefit of antioxidants and B vitamins present in red wine and beer compared to other alcoholic beverages?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of the destruction of liver cells being extensive?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the safest approach for pregnant women when it comes to consuming alcohol?
Signup and view all the answers
Who should avoid drinking alcohol according to Table 6.12?
Signup and view all the answers
How does consuming a small amount of alcohol before a competitive event affect an athlete's performance?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a negative effect of chronic alcohol abuse on muscle?
Signup and view all the answers
Why should athletes avoid consuming alcohol during the 48 hours before an event?
Signup and view all the answers
What can alcohol contribute to that impairs muscular performance?
Signup and view all the answers
What should an athlete focus on consuming after exercise and until their body recovers its normal fluid status?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it essential for athletes to learn about alcohol's effects on health?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of combining alcohol with products containing acetaminophen?
Signup and view all the answers
How does chronic excessive alcohol intake affect the drinker's nutritional intake and status?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the condition characterized by mental confusion, memory loss, and uncoordinated muscular movements among chronic alcoholics?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of alcohol on bone health among light to moderate drinkers, especially among women past child-bearing age?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is alcohol not a good thirst quencher?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens when a pregnant woman drinks alcohol?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the consequence of a fetus being exposed to alcohol during pregnancy?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the impact of chronic alcohol abuse on nutrient intake and status?
Signup and view all the answers
Why do chronic alcoholics often experience delayed and abnormal physical development?
Signup and view all the answers
What can be done to resolve some signs of Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the legal BAC limit for intoxication in most of the United States and Canada?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the result of tolerance in regular drinkers?
Signup and view all the answers
What percentage of Americans reported being current alcohol drinkers in 2017?
Signup and view all the answers
How is binge drinking defined for females according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the classification for heavy drinking in males according to Table 6.9?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the definition of a person with an alcohol use disorder (AUD)?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a characteristic of a person who is dependent on alcohol?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of Table 6.10?
Signup and view all the answers
What is a consequence of tolerance in regular drinkers?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the percentage of Americans who had an AUD in 2015?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to an individual's brain when their BAC reaches 0.25% or higher?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of long-term consumption of excessive amounts of alcohol on neurons in the brain?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is binge drinking a serious public health concern among young adults?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the signs of alcohol poisoning?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the effect of binge drinking on an individual's BAC?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the typical effects of a BAC of 0.15%?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the risk of death associated with alcohol poisoning?
Signup and view all the answers
Why is it dangerous to vomit while comatose from alcohol poisoning?
Signup and view all the answers
What happens to an individual's ability to drive or operate heavy equipment when their BAC reaches 0.08%?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the typical effects of a BAC of 0.02%?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Nutrition Matters: Drink to Your Health?
What is Alcohol?
- A two-carbon compound classified as an alcohol
- Found in beverages such as beer, wine, vodka, whiskey, sake, koumiss, and kefir
- Chemically similar to glycerol and cholesterol, with one or more hydroxyl (OH) groups in its structure
Standard Drink
- 12 ounces of beer, 5 ounces of wine, or 1.5 ounces of liquor
- Contains approximately 14 grams of alcohol
How the Body Processes Alcohol
- No digestion required; passes through tissues lining mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine
- Detoxification begins in the stomach, where enzymatic breakdown occurs
- Primary site of metabolism is the liver, where two biochemical pathways convert alcohol to less damaging compounds
- Factors influencing metabolism include amount and timing of consumption, sex, body size and composition, age, and prior drinking history
Factors That Influence Alcohol Metabolism
- Sex: women tend to become more impaired than men after drinking the same amount, due to differences in body composition and size
- Body size and composition: larger individuals can often drink more without showing ill effects, due to a larger liver that can detoxify more alcohol
- Prior drinking history: regular drinkers develop tolerance, increasing their rate of alcohol metabolism
Classifying Drinkers
- Moderate drinking: up to 2 drinks/day for men, up to 1 drink/day for women
- Heavy drinking: 15 or more drinks/week for men, 8 or more drinks/week for women
- Binge drinking: 5 or more drinks on one occasion for men, 4 or more drinks on one occasion for women
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD)
- Problem drinkers experience problems at home, work, and school due to drinking habits
- AUD characterized by uncontrollable need to drink, inability to limit consumption, withdrawal symptoms, and tolerance
- Signs of AUD include:
- Wanting to reduce or stop drinking but being unable to
- Experiencing withdrawal symptoms
- Continuing to drink despite health problems or interpersonal issues
Alcohol and Health
- Depression of central nervous system, leading to impaired motor function, increased risk of accidents, and potentially fatal outcomes
- Damages every system in the body, particularly the gastrointestinal, nervous, and cardiovascular systems
- Gastrointestinal effects: intestinal ulcer formation, increased risk of cancers of the digestive system
- Brain effects: depression of transmission of messages between neurons, leading to impaired decision making, memory loss, and loss of control over voluntary muscles### Binge Drinking
- Binge drinking is a serious public health concern, especially among 18-25-year-olds, as it is often associated with driving while drunk and can result in death
- Binge drinking can lead to alcohol poisoning, which can cause a person's BAC to rise rapidly, leading to signs of alcohol poisoning, such as confusion, "passing out," slow and irregular breathing, and pale or bluish skin
- Jason Reinhardt, a 21-year-old, died from alcohol poisoning after consuming 16 shots of alcohol in a short amount of time
Alcohol and the Liver
- Alcohol can damage the liver, leading to fatty liver, which may be reversible if the affected person avoids alcohol for an extended period
- If the person continues to drink, the buildup of fat destroys liver cells, leading to liver cirrhosis (hardening of the liver), which is irreversible
- Alcoholic cirrhosis is a major cause of liver failure among adult Americans
- Hepatitis, inflammation of the liver, increases the risk of liver cancer
Alcohol and the Cardiovascular System
- Consuming light to moderate amounts of alcohol raises HDL cholesterol levels and decreases platelet stickiness, lowering the risk of heart attack and certain types of strokes
- Moderate alcohol consumption may reduce the risk of heart disease, but excessive consumption is associated with increased risks of hypertension, stroke, heart failure, and weight gain
- Red wine and beer may have health benefits due to their higher levels of antioxidants and B vitamins
Alcohol and Cancer
- Alcohol increases the risk of oral cavity, esophageal, stomach, liver, pancreatic, and colorectal cancer
- Heavy drinkers who smoke tobacco products have a much greater risk of developing cancers of the oral cavity and esophagus
- Women who consume one or more drinks daily have a higher risk of breast cancer
Alcohol and Interactions with Other Drugs
- Combining alcohol with other drugs, including prescription medications and over-the-counter remedies, can amplify alcohol's harmful effects
- Mixing alcohol with products containing acetaminophen can cause severe liver damage and even death
Effects of Alcohol on Nutritional Status
- Chronic, excessive alcohol intake can have adverse effects on nutritional intake and status
- Excess alcohol damages the liver and interferes with the absorption, metabolism, and storage of various micronutrients
- Consuming too much alcohol can lead to deficiencies in vitamin A, vitamin C, and the B vitamins thiamin and folate
- Thiamin deficiency can cause Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, a brain disorder characterized by mental confusion, memory loss, and uncoordinated muscular movements
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
- When a pregnant woman drinks alcohol, her embryo/fetus also "drinks" alcohol, which can cause developmental abnormalities
- Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a devastating form of FASD, characterized by facial and heart defects, as well as extensive, irreversible damage to the nervous system, leading to intellectual disability
- The amount of alcohol that can be safely consumed by a pregnant woman has not been determined, so it is recommended to avoid alcohol altogether
Who Should Avoid Alcohol?
- Women who suspect they are pregnant, know they are pregnant, or are trying to become pregnant
- People who plan to drive or use heavy machinery
- People taking certain over-the-counter or prescription medications
- People with medical conditions that alcohol can aggravate
- Recovering alcoholics
- People younger than 21 years of age
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Learn about the effects of alcohol on health, standard drink amounts, and factors affecting metabolism. Identify the common compound in various beverages.