Nutrient Absorption and Requirements Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What factors can affect the bioavailability of nutrients?

Gut microbiota, individual's genetic makeup, concurrent intake of antibiotics, food processing methods, nutrient concentration

Gut motility, individual's body weight, concurrent intake of probiotics, food cooking methods, nutrient form

Digestive enzymes, individual's age, concurrent intake of vitamins, food storage methods, nutrient absorption

Digestive efficiency, individual's nutritional status, concurrent intake of inhibitors/promoters, food preparation methods, nutrient source (correct)

What are the two types of bone mentioned in the text?

Trabecular bone (spongy); Cortical bone (compact) (correct)

Long bone (femur); Short bone (carpal)

Flat bone (skull); Irregular bone (vertebra)

Sesamoid bone (patella); Sutural bone (skull)

What is the composition of the mineral coating in the bone matrix?

45% calcium, 50% phosphate, 5% carbonate

30% calcium, 60% phosphate, 10% carbonate

50% calcium, 40% phosphate, 10% carbonate

40% calcium, 54% phosphate, 6% carbonate (correct)

Where is 99% of the calcium in the body found?

In the skeleton (bones) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in bone resorption and replacement, controlled by PTH?

Calcitriol Signup and view all the answers

At what age does peak bone mass development occur in humans?

12-30 Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of calcium is stored in bones and teeth as hydroxyapatite or fluoroapatite?

99% Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of calcitonin?

Rising blood calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

Which nutrient is important for bone health and is influenced by vitamin D status, intestinal transit time, and age?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of bone, as mentioned in the text?

Permitting ambulation Signup and view all the answers

Which cells resorb bone by secreting acid and enzymes?

Osteoclasts Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is involved in bone cell action and is mentioned in the text?

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors influencing calcium absorption, according to the text?

Vitamin D status Signup and view all the answers

What is the total daily loss of calcium through various means, as mentioned in the text?

60 mg Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is mentioned as a calcium-rich dietary source in the text?

Almonds Signup and view all the answers

What plays roles in bone formation, muscle contraction, blood clotting, hormone regulation, and nerve impulse transmission?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors influencing urinary calcium excretion?

Sodium, caffeine, and protein intake Signup and view all the answers

What can excess calcium consumption lead to?

Hypercalcemia and milk alkali syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What can dairy products and supplements be considered as?

Bioavailable sources of calcium Signup and view all the answers

What can protein intake potentially increase?

Renal calcium excretion and fecal calcium loss Signup and view all the answers

What can calcium inhibit the absorption of?

Non-heme iron Signup and view all the answers

What can calcium deficiency lead to?

Osteoporosis, hypertension, and colon cancer Signup and view all the answers

When does bone loss typically start?

In the 30s Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge in assessing calcium status?

Large reserves in the skeleton Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in the prevention of calcium deficiency?

Maximizing peak bone mass during growth and minimizing loss with age Signup and view all the answers

What can inhibit the absorption of calcium from sources?

Oxalic acid and phytic acid Signup and view all the answers

What are the bioavailable sources of calcium?

Dairy products and supplements Signup and view all the answers

What do Tolerable Upper Intake Levels for calcium indicate?

A range of safe consumption, with specific levels for different age groups and genders Signup and view all the answers

What is the absorption percentage of calcium citrate at a 250 mg dose?

35% Signup and view all the answers

Where is phosphorus primarily found in the body?

Bone and muscle/soft tissue Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of dietary reference intakes for phosphorus for individuals aged 19+?

460-700 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What controls the absorption of phosphorus in adults?

Vitamin D and phosphate transporters Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary sources of magnesium?

Legumes, seeds, green leafy vegetables, and hard water Signup and view all the answers

What is the tolerable upper intake level for phosphorus?

4 g/day Signup and view all the answers

What inhibits phosphorus absorption?

Phytic acid and phosphate-binding antacids Signup and view all the answers

What is the absorption percentage of calcium carbonate at a 250 mg dose?

27% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of phosphorus in the body?

Energy production, storage, and hormone activation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of magnesium in the body?

Bone mineralization, enzyme cofactors, and energy generation Signup and view all the answers

What is the absorption percentage of phosphorus in adults?

55-70% Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of phosphorus deficiency?

Certain medications and re-feeding of starved individuals Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the mineral coating in the bone matrix is composed of calcium?

40% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary composition of osteoid, the non-living mineral coated protein matrix in bones?

90% collagen, 10% mixed proteins Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of calcium in the body?

Skeletal system (bones) Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary factors affecting the bioavailability of nutrients?

Digestive efficiency and concurrent intake of inhibitors/promoters Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of phosphorus do adults absorb?

55-70% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of magnesium in the body?

Bone mineralization Signup and view all the answers

What inhibits the absorption of phosphorus?

Phytic acid Signup and view all the answers

What is the tolerable upper intake level for phosphorus?

4 g/day Signup and view all the answers

Where is phosphorus primarily found in the body?

Bone and muscle Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of calcium do adults absorb from calcium citrate at a 250 mg dose?

35% Signup and view all the answers

What are the dietary reference intakes for phosphorus for individuals aged 19+?

700 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential cause of phosphorus deficiency?

Certain medications Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of phosphorus in the body?

Energy production Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of magnesium?

Seeds Signup and view all the answers

What controls the absorption of phosphorus in adults?

Vitamin D Signup and view all the answers

What is the absorption percentage of calcium carbonate at a 250 mg dose?

27% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of magnesium in the body?

Supporting muscle and nerve function Signup and view all the answers

What can excess calcium consumption lead to?

Milk alkali syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is involved in bone resorption and replacement, controlled by PTH?

Calcitonin Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of dietary reference intakes for calcium for individuals aged 19+?

1000-1300 mg/day Signup and view all the answers

What can protein intake potentially increase?

Urinary calcium excretion Signup and view all the answers

What are the bioavailable sources of calcium?

Calcium-fortified foods Signup and view all the answers

What can inhibit the absorption of calcium from sources?

Oxalic acid and phytic acid Signup and view all the answers

What plays roles in bone formation, muscle contraction, blood clotting, hormone regulation, and nerve impulse transmission?

Calcium Signup and view all the answers

What is involved in the prevention of calcium deficiency?

Minimizing loss of calcium with age Signup and view all the answers

What are the functions of bone, as mentioned in the text?

Mechanical support and movement Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of calcitonin?

High blood calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of osteoclasts?

Resorbing bone by secreting acid and enzymes Signup and view all the answers

At what age does peak bone mass development occur in humans?

20-35 Signup and view all the answers

What are the primary functions of bone, as mentioned in the text?

Providing mechanical rigidity and protecting organs Signup and view all the answers

What are the nutrients important for bone health, as mentioned in the text?

Calcium, vitamin D, and magnesium Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of calcium in the body?

Muscle contraction and blood clotting Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?

Falling blood calcium levels Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of calcium loss from the body?

Urination Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence calcium absorption?

Vitamin D status and intestinal transit time Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of phosphorus in the body?

Maintaining bone density Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors involved in bone modeling?

Osteoclast and osteoblast activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of magnesium in the body?

Supporting muscle and nerve function Signup and view all the answers

How is calcium intake related to bone ossification and remodeling?

It directly influences bone ossification and remodeling Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Nutrient Absorption and Requirements: Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, and Fluoride

Efficient absorption of calcium occurs at doses of 500 mg or less
Calcium absorption percentages vary by type: 35% for calcium citrate, 27% for calcium carbonate at a 250 mg dose
Phosphorus plays a key role in energy production, storage, hormone activation, and is a component of various biological structures
Phosphorus is primarily found in muscle/soft tissue, bone, and is obtained from protein-rich foods, cereal grains, and animal tissue
Adults absorb 55-70% of phosphorus, with no adaptive mechanism for low intake, and its absorption is controlled by vitamin D and phosphate transporters
Phosphorus absorption is inhibited by phytic acid, phosphate-binding antacids, and large doses of calcium carbonate
Dietary reference intakes for phosphorus range from 460 mg/day for 1-3 year olds to 700 mg/day for individuals aged 19+
Phosphorus deficiency is rare due to widespread availability in foods, but can occur due to certain medications and in re-feeding of starved individuals
The tolerable upper intake level for phosphorus is 4 g/day, and excess phosphorus may lead to hyperphosphatemia, affecting calcium balance and interfering with mineral absorption
Magnesium functions in bone mineralization, enzyme cofactors, energy generation, blood clotting, and blood pressure regulation
Magnesium is primarily found in bone, muscle, and soft tissue, and is obtained from sources like legumes, seeds, green leafy vegetables, and hard water
Magnesium deficiency is rare and associated with certain medical conditions, while toxicity is associated with excess intake from supplements and disease, with symptoms ranging from diarrhea to cardiac complications.

Bone Cell Function and Calcium Metabolism

Osteoclasts are cells that resorb bone by secreting acid and enzymes, leaving pits that osteoblasts fill in
Hormones involved in bone cell action include parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcitriol, glucocorticoids, and growth factors
Humans are born with cartilage, which is replaced by bone in childhood, with peak bone mass development occurring between 12 and 30
Bone modeling involves continual resorption and replacement of bone, controlled by PTH
Functions of bone include providing mechanical rigidity, protecting organs, permitting ambulation, and maintaining blood calcium and phosphorus levels
Nutrients important for bone health include the protein matrix, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, magnesium, and fluoride
Calcium plays roles in bone formation, muscle contraction, blood clotting, hormone regulation, and nerve impulse transmission
Calcium intake is directly related to bone ossification and remodeling, with 99% of calcium stored in bones and teeth as hydroxyapatite or fluoroapatite
Blood calcium levels are tightly regulated, with falling levels signaling the release of PTH and rising levels triggering the release of calcitonin
Factors influencing calcium absorption include vitamin D status, intestinal transit time, and age
Calcium is lost through urine, feces, sweat, skin sloughing, hair, and nails, with a total daily loss of approximately 60 mg
Calcium-rich dietary sources include dairy/plant-based alternatives, broccoli, kale, bok choy, almonds, fish with edible bones, and calcium-fortified foods

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Description

Test your knowledge of nutrient absorption and requirements for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, and fluoride with this informative quiz. Explore absorption percentages, dietary reference intakes, deficiency risks, and toxicity concerns for these essential nutrients.