Nursing Theory Concepts and History
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary aim of nursing theory?

  • To create a rigid structure for nursing education
  • To eliminate the need for nurses in healthcare
  • To organize knowledge for professional nursing practice (correct)
  • To minimize the influence of technology in nursing

How do nursing theories primarily contribute to nursing practice?

  • By focusing solely on the medical history of patients
  • By providing a systematic way to explain, predict, and prescribe care (correct)
  • By limiting the scope of nursing to clinical settings only
  • By offering a fixed set of rules for patient care

What was a significant influence on modern nursing practice after World War II?

  • Advancements in science and technology (correct)
  • An increased focus on volunteer work
  • A shift away from patient-centric care
  • The decline of nursing education programs

Which concept did Florence Nightingale's work primarily focus on?

<p>The interplay between patients and their environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one outcome of early nursing theorizing in the 1960s?

<p>The development of conceptual frameworks for nursing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation did early nursing theories have according to the available state of knowledge?

<p>They could not be proven or disproven scientifically (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the nursing process, developed by Orlando, emphasize?

<p>A problem-solving approach to nursing practice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following questions was early nursing theorists grappling with?

<p>What focus and scope nursing should have (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Nursing theories were recognized primarily for their ability to provide which of the following?

<p>A perspective for organizing patient data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did nursing educational leaders play in the development of nursing theory?

<p>They inspired the theorizing of nursing education (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is NOT a source of knowledge that nursing has drawn from?

<p>Astronomy and space science (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect marked a significant change in the focus of nursing after the 1960s?

<p>Emphasis on curing and eradicating diseases rather than just caring for the sick (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributed to the development of distinct nursing knowledge after the 1960s?

<p>Acquisition of unique nursing knowledge through research and education (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of nursing theory in practice?

<p>To articulate and explain the complexity of nursing excellence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not considered a key term related to nursing theory?

<p>Psychological theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a challenge associated with theorizing about nursing practice?

<p>Difficulty in defining nursing due to its complexity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do various nursing theories benefit practicing nurses?

<p>They foster a deeper understanding of nursing's complexities. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of nursing theory, what does 'theorizing' refer to?

<p>The effort to explain and articulate the essence of nursing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might nursing students be concerned about the 'nursing theory–practice gap'?

<p>They are unaware of how theory can inform clinical decisions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the historical development of nursing thought play in current nursing practice?

<p>It provides a foundation for understanding current practices. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of theory might focus specifically on particular aspects of nursing practice rather than broad concepts?

<p>Middle-range theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the broader definition of health recognized by early nursing theorists?

<p>A state of optimal health or total well-being (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major challenge did early nursing conceptual frameworks face?

<p>Assumption that a single model would dominate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the implementation of nursing theories change the focus of nursing practice?

<p>Shifted towards filling out assessment forms correctly (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of approach did early nursing theorists take toward building a knowledge base?

<p>Rigorous testing of logical propositions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Thomas S. Kuhn introduce that changed the perception of scientific progress?

<p>Paradigm shifts driven by creative thought (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theory provided a new way to understand complex phenomena in nursing science?

<p>Chaos theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation did early nursing theorists overlook in their scientific approach?

<p>The individuality of patient experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of health did early nursing frameworks recognize in patients with chronic diseases?

<p>Their potential to strive for better health (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What shift in thought did chaos theory introduce to scientific inquiry?

<p>Rejecting predictability in complex systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did frameworks influence early nursing practice despite their original intent?

<p>They became rigid and codified in usage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should nurses consider their theoretical frameworks as, according to new views?

<p>World views or paradigms to grasp complexities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What misconception about nursing frameworks was held by some experienced nurses?

<p>They inhibited systematic thinking in practice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What realization did nursing theorists come to regarding the forms of knowledge required in practice?

<p>Multiple forms of knowledge are essential for practice (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What implication does chaos theory have for understanding health and illness?

<p>Minor changes can lead to significant health outcomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the assessment phase in the nursing process?

<p>Gathering patient information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the planning phase of the nursing process, what is primarily prioritized?

<p>Identifying the patient's needs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the intervention phase in the nursing process?

<p>To carry out the plan of care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the success of the nursing care plan evaluated?

<p>Based on the patient's overall health status (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a concept in scientific theorizing?

<p>A mental formulation representing ideas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'operational definition' refer to in nursing theory?

<p>A method for decision-making in practice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which element indicates a supposed cause-effect relationship in nursing theory?

<p>Assumption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to refer to a structured approach linking major nursing concepts?

<p>Conceptual framework (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do nursing theorists differ from typical linear reasoning?

<p>They incorporate a holistic understanding of situations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects the importance of clinical judgement in nursing?

<p>It combines critical thinking with the nursing process. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'theory' signify in scientific theorizing?

<p>A set of assumptions or propositions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key role did Carper highlight in nursing practice in her influential 1978 paper?

<p>Empirical science, ethical knowledge, and aesthetic knowledge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model serves as a mental representation of how various health elements interact?

<p>Theoretical model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which additional form of knowledge was suggested by White in 1995 as essential to nursing?

<p>Sociopolitical knowledge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term did theorists use to refer to outdated nursing models, according to Parse in 1987?

<p>Totality paradigm frameworks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do nursing conceptual frameworks play in clinical decision-making?

<p>They link concepts and guide nursing decisions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant phase in nursing theorizing emerged to address the gap in planning and implementing care?

<p>Nursing diagnosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes a specific, observable aspect of reality in nursing?

<p>Phenomenon (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What association was formed in the 1970s to create a taxonomy for nursing diagnoses?

<p>North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is NANDA’s list of nursing diagnoses seen as practical rather than theoretical?

<p>It can limit the individualized care of patients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophical approach was deemed unsatisfactory by some theorists due to its fragmented view of the human person?

<p>Totality paradigm frameworks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do today’s nursing scholars view the evolution of nursing theories?

<p>As a creative articulation of clinical reasoning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What issue did nurses face with the formal application of existing nursing models?

<p>Rigidity and lack of adaptability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the criticism associated with nursing care plans that utilize NANDA's fixed diagnoses?

<p>They can restrict individualized patient care. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of nursing knowledge did scholars like Chinn and Kramer focus on in 2011?

<p>Emancipatory knowing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant concern for nursing philosophers regarding nursing theories?

<p>Whether nursing models could serve as valid scientific prescriptions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common response among some theorists towards original nursing theories?

<p>A view of them as overly simplistic (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nurse is credited with publishing principles for nursing practice that emphasized the importance of the environment during the Crimean War?

<p>Florence Nightingale (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant milestone in nursing theory development published in 1952?

<p>Nursing Research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model was published first among the following nursing theories?

<p>Virginia Henderson's definition of nursing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does Nightingale’s model emphasize that differentiates nursing from medicine?

<p>Creating a healing environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing model was first published in 1970?

<p>Martha Rogers's model (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key idea did the early models of nursing primarily reflect?

<p>Practices shaped by contemporary issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the integration of Indigenous Ways of Knowing signify in the context of Canadian nursing?

<p>A policy direction for future nursing practice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theoretical framework emphasizes complex combinations of ideas from various disciplines in nursing?

<p>Adaptation theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which year saw the publication of the McGill model of nursing?

<p>1987 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which context is the nurse's role particularly highlighted by Nightingale's observations?

<p>In environmental sanitation and care (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Orem's self-care theory?

<p>The individual’s responsibility for self-care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which universal self-care requisite addresses the need for air, water, and food?

<p>Maintaining sufficient intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant shift in patient roles does Orem’s theory acknowledge?

<p>Patients need to learn self-care (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Peplau emphasize as the core of nursing care?

<p>The interpersonal relationship with patients (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist is associated with the idea of existential philosophy in nursing?

<p>Travelbee (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of client care did Travelbee emphasize in her nursing theory?

<p>Recognition of client’s humanity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Peplau, which role does the nurse NOT perform?

<p>Pharmacist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Evelyn Adam contribute to nursing theory?

<p>By defining nursing as a helping process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a fundamental principle of systems theory in nursing?

<p>The view of individuals as part of a whole system (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are grand theories primarily intended to provide?

<p>A global conceptual framework for research applications (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of theory addresses specific phenomena or concepts in nursing practice?

<p>Middle-range theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of Orem's universal self-care requisites?

<p>Seeking medical assistance only (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key outcome of Peplau's emphasis on interpersonal relationships in nursing?

<p>Encouragement of independent living for patients (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of prescriptive theory in nursing?

<p>To predict the outcomes of specific nursing interventions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does systems theory suggest that the nurse plays in relation to patients?

<p>A part of the system influencing patient care (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is NOT part of the metaparadigm in nursing?

<p>Medication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Orem’s theory shift the understanding of patients' roles in healthcare?

<p>Patients are responsible for their own health care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the terminology shift from 'patient' to 'client' reflect changes in nursing practice?

<p>It acknowledged interactive relationships and a broader scope of care. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Descriptive theories are designed primarily to do which of the following?

<p>Explain phenomena and guide future research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In early conceptual frameworks, what was the main goal regarding the understanding of a person?

<p>To assist nurses in understanding individual uniqueness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the environment play in the nursing metaparadigm?

<p>It influences individual health and wellness experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of theory is NOT focused on direct guidance for nursing interventions?

<p>Grand theory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a prescriptive theory typically designate?

<p>Conditions for nursing interventions and expected consequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of middle-range theories?

<p>They reflect practice across various nursing fields. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of nursing, the term 'client' emphasizes which aspect?

<p>A collaborative relationship in diverse health states (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following types of theory focuses specifically on predicting the consequences of interventions?

<p>Prescriptive theory (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of the original nursing process?

<p>Outcome evaluation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary focus of the McGill model for nursing?

<p>Health promotion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Kuhn, what drives scientific advances?

<p>Creative approaches to problem-solving (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT included in the nursing metaparadigm concepts?

<p>Psychology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary concern for early nursing theorists?

<p>Differentiating nursing from medical theories (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hildegard Peplau's theory emphasizes which of the following in nursing practice?

<p>Therapeutic relationships (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is integral to Evelyn Adam's view of nursing?

<p>Helping process (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The systems theories in nursing view a human being as:

<p>A whole and component parts in interaction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is distinct in Rosemarie Parse's theory of nursing?

<p>Understanding the individual as a unitary being making choices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant focus of early nursing theorists regarding nursing knowledge?

<p>Applying general knowledge to unique patient cases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key idea of the McGill model developed by Moyra Allen?

<p>Viewing nursing as complementary to medicine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately describes Virginia Henderson's view on nursing?

<p>Nursing involves supporting patients in meeting their basic human needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist is credited with the concept of a patient representing a collection of needs?

<p>Henderson (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the interactionist theory by Peplau primarily focus on?

<p>Interpersonal relationships and understanding behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements reflects a characteristic of the systems theory in nursing proposed by Neuman?

<p>Regard patients as open systems influenced by various stressors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What unique approach did Moyra Allen take in her community health facility known as The Health Workshop?

<p>Implementing a developmental concept of health managed by nurses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which philosophy is associated with the simultaneity theory proposed by Rogers?

<p>Focus on unitary human beings and energy fields (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the major contributions of Moyra Allen to nursing education?

<p>Establishing criteria for accreditation of nursing schools (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What central idea does Orem's theory emphasize regarding nursing?

<p>Maintaining the patient's capacity for self-care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist's model focuses on the idea of nursing as an interpersonal process?

<p>Peplau (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary theme does Parse's theory address?

<p>Human beings co-create health with their environments (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best summarizes the objective of Nightingale's theory?

<p>Creating an environment conducive to healing (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach is NOT characteristic of the Needs theories in nursing?

<p>Emphasizing treatment over prevention (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguished the focus of Johnson's systems theory from other nursing theories?

<p>Maintaining stability and balance through system adjustments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way did the McGill model diverge from conventional nursing practices?

<p>Considering health in the context of the entire family (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach does Rosemarie Parse's human becoming theory emphasize regarding individuals?

<p>Individuals are seen as complex and ever-evolving units. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Jean Watson, what is truly essential for nurses in their role?

<p>Fostering a caring connection with patients. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of nursing practice according to Rogers?

<p>To help clients reach their maximum health potential. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of nursing does Parse's theory reject as a primary definition of health?

<p>Health as a stable and unchanging state. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which core processes does Parse identify in the human becoming process?

<p>Explaining, dwelling with, and moving beyond. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does nursing scholarship currently intersect with philosophical inquiry?

<p>It evolves to clarify theoretical challenges in nursing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perspective does Watson offer regarding the individual?

<p>A totality viewed as an embodied spirit connected to the universe. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What challenge did Meleis suggest for nursing theorists?

<p>To clarify the processes nurses use knowledge in practice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects the essence of Parse's approach to nursing?

<p>Nursing should nurture individuals' evolving patterns and choices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which theorist emphasized the importance of creating an aesthetic that promotes healing?

<p>Jean Watson. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant focus of theorizing about nursing in the contemporary era?

<p>To incorporate dynamic and diverse sources of knowledge. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing theorist is primarily associated with the idea of person-nature-universe as a unity?

<p>Watson. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should nurses focus on according to current theoretical knowledge in nursing?

<p>Understanding and integrating philosophical insights into practice. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has nursing theory evolved in relation to Eastern and holistic understandings of health?

<p>It has integrated these understandings into its framework. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Johnson's model identify as the primary unit of focus?

<p>The individual as a behavioral system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the University of British Columbia model differ from Johnson's model?

<p>It consists of nine basic human needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of Neuman's nursing model?

<p>Understanding client systems without breaking them down. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Sister Callista Roy's view of the client?

<p>An adaptive system interacting with the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a unique aspect of simultaneity theories in nursing?

<p>They view individuals as irreducible wholes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of strengths-based nursing according to the McGill model?

<p>To promote health and alleviate suffering (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Martha Rogers’s model, how is the client conceptualized?

<p>As an energy field in constant interaction with the environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is considered a metaparadigm concept in nursing theory?

<p>Health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the nurse play in Doris Johnson's model?

<p>To foster balance and promote optimal health. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'praxis' in nursing theorizing most directly refer to?

<p>The integration of theory and clinical practice (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with the principles of the UBC model?

<p>Human needs must be addressed individually. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the integration of Indigenous Ways of Knowing significant in nursing practice?

<p>It brings diverse perspectives to healthcare practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key differentiator in Neuman's understanding of the client compared to the traditional models?

<p>The focus is on potential stressors rather than needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four modes of adaptation in Sister Callista Roy's model?

<p>Physiological needs, self-concept, role function, and interdependence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does contemporary nursing theory primarily seek to do?

<p>Create a coherent foundation for evolving knowledge (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic distinguishes modern approaches to nursing knowledge from earlier models?

<p>Incorporation of diverse knowledge sources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement reflects the intention of the systems approaches in nursing?

<p>Interventions in one part of the system impact the whole system. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'unitary human being' refer to in nursing theories?

<p>Understanding individuals as holistic in nature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What might be a consequence of failing to employ systematic thinking in nursing practice?

<p>Gaps in information and misunderstandings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do conceptual frameworks benefit nursing practice?

<p>They help identify researchable nursing problems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the concept of environmental stressors important in Neuman’s model?

<p>They are central to understanding client responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of theory in nursing practice?

<p>Theory evolves and shapes understanding over time. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as a primary goal in the nursing models based on systems theory?

<p>To achieve stability and balance within the client's system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the challenge faced by nursing scholars regarding the relationship between theory and practice?

<p>Maintaining a balance between static knowledge and evolving practices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following reflects a philosophical approach that is relevant for understanding nursing knowledge?

<p>Engagement with knowledge through reflexivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of nursing theorizing allows for the advancement of ideas in the discipline?

<p>Integrating new knowledge and perspectives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best captures the essence of nursing's evolving body of knowledge?

<p>Knowledge is informed by various sources and experiences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of critical thinking in nursing as suggested in the content?

<p>It allows for reflection and improved patient care. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Nursing Theory

Nursing theory represents efforts to describe the complexity of excellent nursing practice.

Nursing Practice

Applying nursing knowledge and skills in real-world healthcare situations addressing people's health and illness.

Theory

An explanation of a phenomenon or concept in a specific field.

Nursing Science

Knowledge and understanding of nursing, developed through research and practice.

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Conceptual Framework

A set of related concepts and their definitions that form the basis of a theory.

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Nursing Diagnosis

Identification of the patient's health problem or concerns based on the assessment.

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Nursing Process

A systematic approach for providing individualized nursing care.

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Middle-range theory

Nursing theories that focus on specific aspects of nursing practice.

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Nursing Knowledge

A unique body of knowledge combined with principles guiding the application.

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Nursing Theory's Purpose

Explaining, predicting, and prescribing nursing phenomena systematically.

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Florence Nightingale

A pioneering figure in nursing, creating systems for nursing education and practice (early theoretical model).

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Problem-solving Approach

A systematic method to address clinical situations, guiding knowledge application.

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Scientific Knowledge

Knowledge derived from and influencing various health sciences.

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Modern Nursing Practice

Formalization of nursing knowledge and practice within a professional context.

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Nursing's Scope and Focus

The key questions early nursing theorists explored about nursing's unique characteristics.

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Orlando's Approach

Developing the nursing process, facilitating systematic problem-solving in nursing.

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Early Nursing Theory

Conceptual frameworks developed before 1970 by nurses.

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Propositional Theory

Scientific theories that can be confirmed or disproved by evidence.

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Assessment Phase

The initial step in the nursing process where nurses gather information about patients, including medical history, lifestyle factors, and psychosocial needs. This comprehensive collection of data leads to a holistic understanding of each patient's individual situation.

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Planning Phase

This involves outlining the specific actions that will address the identified nursing diagnosis. This includes setting realistic goals for the patient's recovery, defining nursing interventions, and establishing a timeline for achieving the desired outcomes.

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Intervention Phase

The active implementation of the care plan, where nurses execute the interventions outlined in the plan to achieve the desired health outcomes for the patient.

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Evaluation Phase

This involves assessing the effectiveness of the intervention plan by comparing the achieved outcomes with the intended goals. It identifies successful strategies, areas for improvement, and the need for adjustments to the care plan.

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Operational Definition

A clear, measurable explanation of a concept used in nursing practice. It links concepts with theories, outlining key characteristics and properties for better understanding and application.

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Assumption in Nursing

Accepted truths or principles guiding nursing practice. These are ideas about the nature and purpose of nursing, often considered fundamental and unquestioned in the field.

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Proposition in Nursing

A statement that proposes a relationship between two or more concepts, often used to explain or predict phenomena in nursing.

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Clinical Judgement

The reasoning process that nurses use to make effective decisions in complex and changing patient care scenarios. This involves critical thinking, intuition, and multiple ways of knowing.

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Linear Cause-and-Effect Reasoning

A simplistic approach to problem-solving where a specific cause leads to a predictable effect. This method is often insufficient for complex situations in nursing.

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Intuitive Thinking

A powerful element of clinical judgement, relying on instinct and prior experience to grasp complex patient situations and make quick, insightful decisions.

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Conscious Thinking

A deliberate and systematic process of reasoning, applying knowledge and skills to analyze patient situations, consider potential outcomes, and make well-informed decisions.

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Nursing Models

Theories that aim to organize and synthesize nursing knowledge to improve clinical reasoning skills.

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Metaparadigm Concepts

Core concepts of nursing focused on the elements of "person, environment, health, and nursing".

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Patient vs. Client

Shift in focus from solely ill individuals to a broader range of health states, acknowledging interaction with nurses.

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Grand Theory

Wide-reaching theoretical frameworks explaining abstract phenomena like human behavior.

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Descriptive Theory

Explains and describes phenomena, speculating on their causes and consequences.

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Prescriptive Theory

Focuses on nursing interventions and predicts their consequences.

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Person (in Nursing Theory)

The individual at the center of nursing care, with diverse needs and dimensions.

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Environment (in Nursing Theory)

The complex system of influences surrounding a person, impacting their health and well-being.

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Early Nursing Models

First attempts to organize nursing knowledge, typically focused on individual needs.

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Systemic Approach (in Nursing)

Understanding the individual as a network of interacting parts, each influencing the whole.

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Competing Human Needs (in Nursing)

Recognizing that individuals have multiple needs, which may conflict and require balancing.

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Individualization of Care

Tailoring nursing interventions to meet the unique needs and experiences of each person.

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Holistic Care

Considering all aspects of the individual's well-being, including physical, mental, and social aspects.

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Nursing's Broader Scope

Recognizing that nursing extends beyond individual care, encompassing families, groups, and communities.

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What is the overarching goal of nursing practice?

Early nursing theorists aimed to define the driving force behind nursing's actions: to improve the health of both individuals and society as a whole. This goal emphasizes the shared responsibility of nurses to promote well-being.

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What is health according to early nursing theorists?

Health is not just the absence of disease but a state of optimal well-being. It encompasses physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects.

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Why were early nursing frameworks competing?

Each early framework presented a unique view of nursing, leading to competition as scholars believed one would eventually dominate the field.

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What are the limitations of science?

Science has limitations when dealing with complex human problems, especially in the field of nursing.

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What is a paradigm shift?

It's a fundamental change in how we understand and approach a subject. It involves a new set of assumptions and ways of thinking.

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What does complexity science offer?

It provides a new way to understand complex systems by focusing on interconnected elements and how they influence each other.

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What is chaos theory?

It acknowledges that even within seemingly random events, patterns exist and that small changes can have large, unpredictable consequences.

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How does chaos theory relate to nursing?

It helps understand the complexities of patients' experiences and how seemingly small factors can greatly impact their health journey.

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What are the different forms of knowledge in nursing?

Nurses rely on scientific knowledge, but also on other forms like practical experience, intuition, and ethical considerations.

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What are the implications of a paradigm shift for nursing?

It encourages nurses to move beyond traditional scientific approaches and embrace new ways of thinking about nursing practice.

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How does the shift to complexity science affect nursing?

It encourages nurses to examine patients' individual and interconnected experiences within their context.

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What are the key implications for early nursing theory?

Early theories were based on a traditional scientific worldview. Recognizing its limitations, a new approach is needed.

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Ways of Knowing

Different types of knowledge used by nurses to understand and respond to patient situations, including empirical science, ethics, personal experience, aesthetics, sociopolitical factors, and emancipatory knowing.

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Totality Paradigm Frameworks

Nursing models and theories that focus on the patient as a whole, reducing them to parts.

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Simultaneity Paradigm Frameworks

Nursing models and theories that emphasize the interconnectedness and wholeness of the individual, taking into account all aspects of their being.

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Model Bashing

Criticism of overly formal and rigid approaches to applying nursing models, leading to a period of reevaluation and questioning in nursing theory.

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NANDA

The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association, an organization that developed a standardized list of nursing diagnoses to categorize and document patient problems.

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Taxonomy

A system of classification used to organize and categorize nursing diagnoses.

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Assessment

The first step in the nursing process, where nurses gather information about the patient's health status and needs.

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Diagnosis (in Nursing Process)

The second step where nurses analyze the assessment data to identify patient problems or potential issues.

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Planning

The third step, where nurses develop individualized care plans to address the identified patient problems.

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Implementation

The fourth step, where nurses put the care plan into action and provide the planned interventions to meet the patient's needs.

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Evaluation

The fifth and final step, where nurses assess the effectiveness of the interventions and make necessary adjustments to the care plan based on the patient's progress.

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Clinical Reasoning

The thinking process nurses use to make informed decisions about patient care, drawing on knowledge, skills, and experience.

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Philosophical Struggle

The ongoing effort to understand and articulate the complex process of how nurses think and make decisions in practice.

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Nightingale's Focus

Florence Nightingale emphasized the importance of the environment in promoting health and healing. She believed that clean living spaces, fresh air, and light are essential for recovery.

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Environment in Nursing

The environment, encompassing physical, social, and cultural factors, influences a patient's health and well-being. Nurses consider these factors when providing care.

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Nursing Practice vs. Theory

While theory informs practice, the actual delivery of care is influenced by practical considerations, societal changes, and health care beliefs. Some models might not fully encompass these factors.

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Nightingale's Shift in Focus

Nightingale moved away from treating disease processes to creating a healing environment. This highlighted the distinct role of nursing in supporting patients.

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Nursing's Unique Role

Nightingale's work established nursing as a profession with a specific focus on promoting a supportive environment for healing, separate from medical treatment.

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Practice-Based Theories

These theories emerged from real-world nursing practice, reflecting the specific issues nurses were addressing in a particular time and place.

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Diversity of Nursing Theories

Early nursing theories were based on various ideas from different disciplines, leading to diverse approaches to understanding and improving patient care.

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Key Ideas for Nursing Models

Early model builders drew inspiration from complex concepts like adaptation, systems, and human needs, shaping their unique perspectives on nursing.

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Understanding Nursing Theories

The aim of studying nursing theory is not to memorize every detail, but to appreciate the wide range of ideas that have contributed to nursing knowledge.

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Nightingale's Key Ideas

Practice observations in nursing, epidemiology, creating healing environments.

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McGill Model Focus

Emphasis on healthcare rather than illness, importance of family context for patients.

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Basic Human Needs (Henderson)

Nursing helps individuals, sick or well, fulfill basic needs they'd normally do themselves.

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Orem's Self-Care

Philosophy of human capability for self-care, nursing assists in maintaining that capacity.

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Adam's Basic Needs

Basic human needs with biological, physiological, and psychosociocultural dimensions.

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Peplau's Interpersonal Process

Nursing as an interpersonal process based on Sullivan's theory of interpersonal relations.

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Travelbee's Existential Focus

Nursing helps individuals prevent, cope with, and find meaning in illness and suffering.

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Johnson's Behavioural Systems

Maintaining stability and balance through adjustments and adaptation to stressors.

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UBC Model's Focus

Nurturing the person as a behavioural system during critical life periods.

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Neuman's Open System

People are open systems affected by intrapersonal, interpersonal, and extrapersonal stressors.

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Roy's Adaptation Model

Facilitating individuals as adaptive systems using Helson's adaptation theory.

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Rogers' Energy Fields

Unitary human being and environment as pan-dimensional energy fields.

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Parse's Meaning, Rhythmicity, Transcendence

Indivisible human beings and environment co-create health, structured around these themes.

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Watson's Caring & Caritas

Nursing as caring, using phenomenal field/unitary consciousness and clinical Caritas Processes.

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The McGill Model

Promotes health rather than focusing on illness and treatment, emphasizes family context and strengths.

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Systems Approach in Nursing

Viewing a patient as a complex system with interconnected parts, where changes in one part affect the whole.

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Johnson's Behavioral Systems Model

Identifies seven subsystems within a person, each with goals, behaviors, and choices, influenced by drives and personal experiences.

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UBC Model of Human Needs

Expands on Johnson's model by focusing on nine basic human needs shaped by psychological and sociocultural factors.

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Neuman's Systems Model

Views the person as a holistic system with a core structure vulnerable to environmental stressors, emphasizing prevention.

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Simultaneity Theories

View the individual as an irreducible whole, interconnected with the environment, emphasizing a holistic understanding of the person.

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Rogers' Unitary Human Being Model

Describes the person as an energy field in constant interaction with the environment, both being interconnected and inseparable.

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Goal of Nursing Practice in Systems Theories

To achieve balance within the person's system, promoting stability and optimal health.

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Nurse's Role in Systems Models

To foster, protect, sustain, and teach, facilitating system balance and optimal health.

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Subsystem Goals in Johnson's Model

Based on universal drives but interpreted and achieved uniquely by each individual.

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Henderson's Model

A popular nursing model that emphasizes the nurse's role in helping patients meet 14 basic needs, fostering independence and holistic care.

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Orem's Self-Care Theory

This theory focuses on individuals' responsibility in maintaining their health, promoting self-care and empowering patients to actively participate in their recovery.

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Unique Factors in Neuman's Model

Individuals have specific strengths and vulnerabilities that influence their response to stressors.

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Universal Self-Care Requisites

Fundamental needs that all individuals must meet for optimal health, such as proper nutrition, hydration, rest, and safety.

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Cognator and Regulator Subsystems in Roy's Model

Two internal processes that help individuals adapt to their environment, influencing their responses.

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Unitary Human Being Concept

Emphasizes the individual as a whole, inseparable from their environment.

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Interactionist Theories

Theories that emphasize the vital role of the relationship between nurses and patients in providing effective and meaningful care.

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Difference Between Systems and Simultaneity Theories

Systems models focus on parts and processes, while simultaneity theories emphasize the indivisible whole.

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Peplau's Interpersonal Relations Theory

A framework that views nursing as a therapeutic relationship between the nurse and patient, focusing on communication, building trust, and promoting patient growth.

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Travelbee's Human-to-Human Relationship Model

This theory highlights the importance of recognizing the humanity of patients and understanding their experiences of suffering and illness.

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Adam's Helping Process Model

A framework emphasizing the nurse's role in supporting patients by providing knowledge, empathy, and encouragement during their health journey.

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Systems Theories

Theories that view individuals as complex systems, interacting with their environment and involving multiple subsystems, like the physical and emotional aspects.

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General Systems Theory

A framework for understanding how complex systems function, focusing on the interactions between the whole system and its individual components.

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Open System

A system that interacts with its environment, constantly exchanging information and resources, as seen with individuals in healthcare.

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von Bertalanffy

A prominent figure in systems theory, whose work provided the foundation for understanding complex systems in various fields, including nursing.

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Subsystems

Individual components or parts within a larger system that contribute to its overall functioning, like the body's organs.

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Environmental Influence

Factors outside the individual that can impact their health, such as social support, access to healthcare, or environmental pollution.

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Nurse as Force

In systems theory, the nurse is considered an external force that can influence a patient's overall system and health outcomes.

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What is a theory?

A theory is a set of ideas that help explain, predict, and understand a phenomenon. In nursing, it's a structured way to think about how to care for patients.

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What drives the development of nursing theories?

The main driver is the need for nurses to understand and improve their practice. This is accomplished by focusing on organizing and applying knowledge to patient care.

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What are the four basic steps of the nursing process?

The four steps are: assessment, planning, intervention, and evaluation. They form a structured framework for providing patient care.

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What are the core concepts of nursing?

They are person, environment, health, and nursing. These form the foundation for understanding the complex relationships involved in providing care.

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Why were early nursing theorists focused on organizing knowledge?

Early nursing was trying to define itself as a profession, so they needed to organize existing knowledge and apply it to specific patient situations.

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How do scientists make advances?

Scientists make advances when they think creatively and approach problems in a new way. This helps them see things from a different perspective and come up with innovative solutions.

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What is the central idea of the McGill Model?

The McGill Model focuses on promoting health rather than only treating illness. It emphasizes the holistic needs of the patient, including their family and environment.

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What does Peplau's theory emphasize?

Peplau's theory highlights the importance of the relationship between the nurse and the patient. It focuses on building a therapeutic connection to better understand and care for the patient.

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What is the distinctive contribution of Evelyn Adam's theory?

Adam's theory emphasizes the core of nursing as a helping process. It focuses on supporting individuals in achieving their health goals.

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How do systems theories view the human being?

Systems theories see the human being as a complex whole made up of interconnected parts. Each part influences the others, and the whole is more than the sum of its parts.

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Strengths-Based Nursing

A comprehensive care approach that emphasizes patients' strengths and abilities to promote healing and well-being.

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Indigenous Ways of Knowing

Incorporating traditional Indigenous knowledge and perspectives into nursing practice and education.

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Praxis in Nursing

The dynamic interplay between nursing theory and practice, creating a foundation for growth and innovation.

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Person-Centered Care

A care approach that prioritizes the individual's needs, values, and preferences.

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Emancipatory Knowing

A type of knowledge that challenges power imbalances and strives for social justice in healthcare.

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Nursing's Unique Body of Knowledge

The distinct set of skills, knowledge, and principles that guide nursing practice.

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Early Nursing Theorists

Pioneers who developed conceptual frameworks to organize nursing knowledge and guide practice.

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Paradigm Shift in Nursing

A fundamental change in how nurses understand knowledge and practice, moving beyond traditional scientific approaches.

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Complexity Science in Nursing

Applying complexity science principles to understand interconnectedness and emergent properties in healthcare.

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Ways of Knowing in Nursing

Different sources of knowledge nurses utilize, including science, ethics, and personal experience.

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Totality Paradigm

A framework that views the patient as a whole, rather than separate parts.

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Simultaneity Paradigm

A framework emphasizing the interconnectedness of the individual and their environment, recognizing simultaneous influences.

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Rogers' Nursing Theory

Rogers believed nursing's role is to help individuals reach their maximum health potential by focusing on life processes and constant change. She emphasized the individual as an energy field in a time-space continuum.

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Homeodynamic Unity

This concept in Rogers' theory describes the balance and harmony individuals achieve within their constant state of change. It’s about finding unity within diversity.

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Parse's Human Becoming Theory

This theory views individuals as unpredictable, ever-changing beings who make free choices and engage in mutual processes with the universe, shaping their own health journey.

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Explicating, Dwelling With, and Moving Beyond

These are the three core processes in Parse's theory that guide nurses in supporting individuals in their becoming. They involve understanding, embracing, and transcending each person's unique experiences.

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Watson's Transpersonal Caring Theory

This theory emphasizes the importance of caring as the core function of nursing and focuses on the individual as an embodied spirit connected to the universe, beyond just physical illness.

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Caring Presence

According to Watson, this goes beyond simply being present, it involves nurses embodying a genuine concern for patients and their well-being, facilitating healing and growth.

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Theoretical Knowledge's Goals

Theorizing in nursing seeks to stimulate critical thinking about nursing practice, expand understanding of the discipline, and guide the development of effective interventions.

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Theorizing into the Future

Current nursing theorists are building on earlier models by incorporating philosophical perspectives, scientific inquiry, and diverse sources of knowledge to address the complexity of patient care.

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Knowing the Case, Knowing the Patient, Knowing the Person

This three-level abstraction approach highlights the importance of understanding the patient's individual situation, their unique needs, and their overall being. It emphasizes the individual's story over just their clinical case.

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Social Determinants of Health

This approach acknowledges that factors like poverty, education, and access to healthcare are key influences on health outcomes, requiring nurses to consider these broader social contexts.

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Emancipatory Theorizing

Approaches like critical social and feminist theories aim to empower individuals and challenge social inequalities that affect health and well-being. It’s about striving for justice and change.

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Moral Component of Caring

Watson argues that caring should be embedded in nursing theory as a moral imperative, going beyond simply treating illness to promoting genuine well-being and respect for individuals.

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Ethical Reasoning

This involves applying ethical principles and values to complex situations in nursing practice. Nurses must consider not only the medical aspects but also the moral implications of their actions.

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Paradigm Shift

A major shift in how we understand nursing practice. Early theories were based on a traditional scientific worldview. Shifting to a more dynamic, holistic perspective requires embracing complexity science and recognizing the limitations of scientific reductionism.

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Study Notes

Key Concepts in Nursing Theory

  • Nursing practice is characterized by a unique body of knowledge and guiding principles, systematically applied in various contexts.
  • Nursing theory organizes nursing knowledge, enabling professional and accountable practice.
  • Nursing theories aim to explain, predict, and prescribe nursing care, even though they don't always use propositions.
  • Nursing theory provides perspective, data organization, analysis, and coherence for informed practice.
  • Florence Nightingale's work laid foundational groundwork for nursing theory, focusing on patient care within the environment.

Historical Development of Nursing Theory

  • Modern nursing emerged with formalized knowledge and practice.
  • Post-WWII, nursing science developed independently from other disciplines.
  • Scientific advancements, particularly in health sciences, influenced nursing thought.
  • Nursing education shifted from apprenticeship to theoretical frameworks to define its unique knowledge base.

Key Nursing Theories

  • Conceptual frameworks: "Mental maps" organizing core nursing concepts and relationships, guiding clinical decision-making.
  • Nursing process: A problem-solving approach for applying knowledge to individual patient situations.
    • Assessment phase gathers relevant data for interpretation.
    • Planning phase prioritizes patient issues and care planning.
    • Intervention phase implements the plan of care.
    • Evaluation phase assesses the plan's efficacy and adjusts as needed.
  • Metaparadigm concepts: Central to nursing theory, encompassing person, environment, health, nursing, and the relationship among them.

Types of Nursing Theories

  • Grand theory: Broad and abstract, providing frameworks for broad ideas about nursing.
  • Middle-range theory: Focuses on specific phenomena or concepts with more limited scope, applicable in various practice areas.
  • Descriptive theory: Explains phenomena like coping mechanisms in illness but doesn't prescribe interventions.
  • Prescriptive theory: Guides nursing interventions and predicts consequences.

Key Nursing Theorists and Their Work

  • Florence Nightingale: Focused on environment and promoting healing.
  • Virginia Henderson: Emphasized 14 basic human needs.
  • Dorothea Orem: Developed the self-care theory, focusing on individual responsibility for health.
  • Hildegard Peplau: Focused on interpersonal relationships as the core of nursing care.
  • Joyce Travelbee: Emphasized existential philosophy in nursing.
  • Evelyn Adam: Viewed nursing as a helping process focusing on basic human needs, empathy, and respect.
  • Dorothy Johnson: Viewed the individual as a behavioral system.
  • University of British Columbia Model: Inspired by Johnson, recognizes human needs and environmental influence.
  • Betty Neuman: Viewed the client system as an open system interacting with stressors.
  • Callista Roy: Focused on the individual as an adaptive system and its interactions with an environment.
  • Martha Rogers: Conceptualized the individual as an energy field.
  • Rosemarie Parse: Emphasized human becoming theory, emphasizing choice and change.
  • Jean Watson: Emphasized caring as the core of nursing.

Philosophy of Nursing Science

  • Scientific advances are often driven by new ways of thinking.
  • Kuhn's concept of paradigm shifts highlights the process of scientific development.
  • Complexity science emerged from chaos theory, recognizing dynamic and interactive phenomena.
  • Nursing knowledge extends beyond science, encompassing ethical, personal, aesthetic, and sociopolitical knowing.

Nursing Models and Practice

  • Different nursing models emerged addressing the complexity of nursing practice.
  • Models, while sometimes criticized for rigidity, provided structure and fostered organized clinical reasoning in practice and research.

Paradigm Debates in Nursing

  • Nursing theory was occasionally criticized for overly formal or rigid implementations.
  • Diverse perspectives on nursing paradigms (e.g., totality vs. simultaneity) highlight the evolving complexity of the discipline.
  • The philosophy of nursing has a role in clarifying how nurses relate to knowledge.

Nursing Diagnosis

  • Nursing diagnosis emerged as a crucial part of the nursing process, enabling nurses to focus on specific patient concerns.
  • North American Nursing Diagnosis Association (NANDA) established a standardized taxonomy for diagnoses.

Future Directions in Nursing

  • Ongoing refinements in nursing thought and practice are essential given increasing complexities in healthcare settings.
  • Integrating Indigenous knowledge is an important future aspect of development in nursing theory.

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Description

Explore the key concepts and historical development of nursing theory with this quiz. Understand how nursing practices are guided by unique knowledge and principles, and learn about the influential work of Florence Nightingale. Test your knowledge on the evolution of nursing science and its significance in professional practice.

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