Nursing Research Notes

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Questions and Answers

What is the main difference between Ordinal and Nominal scales?

Ordinal scale ranks subgroups in a certain order (correct)
Ordinal scale has equally spaced units
Ordinal scale has a fixed zero point
Ordinal scale has an arbitrary starting point

Which type of scale has an arbitrary starting and terminating point, and is divided into equally spaced units?

Nominal scale
Ordinal scale
Ratio scale
Interval scale (correct)

What is the primary focus of Grounded Theory in social research?

Measuring variables using mathematical operations
Analyzing past events
Discovering problems in a social scene and how people handle them (correct)
Classifying individuals based on common characteristics

Which type of scale is required for mathematical operations in research?

Ratio scale (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of Nominal scale in research?

To classify individuals based on common characteristics (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between Historical and Grounded Theory research?

Historical research focuses on analyzing past events (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary criterion for selecting units in judgmental sampling?

Knowledge and professional judgment (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of data saturation in the empirical phase of research?

To achieve redundancy and obtain no new information (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of the Likert Scale in research?

Questionnaires and interviews (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Delphi technique in research?

To obtain a consensus from experts (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of measures of central tendency in data analysis?

To represent the average or typical value of a set of scores (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the median of a distribution?

The point in a distribution above which and below which 50% of cases fall (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of nursing research?

Developing knowledge about issues important to nurses (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research design involves investigating the past to determine the cause of a phenomenon?

Retrospective/Ex post facto research (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of evidence-based practice in nursing research?

Using collective research findings to promote patient health (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the conceptual phase in the research process?

Formulating a research problem (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major considerations in formulating a research problem?

Researchability or Measurement of concepts (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the importance of research in nursing?

For continued improvement in the quality of nursing care (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a literature review in a research study?

To identify gaps in current research (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of internal validity in a research study?

The degree to which the independent variable is responsible for the observed effects (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of respect for human dignity in research ethics?

The right to self-determination and full disclosure (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of multicausality in research?

The recognition that a number of interrelating variables can cause a particular effect (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a pilot study in the design and planning phase of research?

To test the research methodology and make revisions (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which measure of variability represents the average amount of deviation of values from the mean?

Standard deviation (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the dissemination phase in research?

Preparing a research report to share with others (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of reliability in research?

The consistency with which an instrument measures an attribute (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the correlation coefficient that indicates the magnitude and direction of a relationship between two variables?

Pearson's r (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process of selecting subjects or representatives from a larger population?

Sampling (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the analytical phase in research?

Interpreting the results and examining their implications (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the principle of beneficence in research ethics?

Freedom from harm and exploitation, with benefits from research (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the Chi-Square Test used for?

Testing hypotheses about the proportion of cases that fall into different categories (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of bias in research?

Any influence or action that distorts the findings or slants them away from the true or expected (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the value of a variable below which a certain percent of observations fall?

Percentile (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a null hypothesis in research?

To state that there is no significant difference or relationship between variables (B) Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

Research Methods

Grounded Theory: discovers problems in a social scene and how people handle them.
Historical Research: describes and analyzes past events.
Nursing Research: a systematic inquiry that develops knowledge about nursing practice, education, and administration.

Measuring Variables

Nominal Scale: classifies individuals, objects, or responses based on a shared property or characteristic.
Ordinal Scale: ranks subgroups in a certain order, with all the properties of a nominal scale.
Interval Scale: has equally spaced units, with an arbitrary starting and terminating point, and all the properties of nominal and ordinal scales.
Ratio Scale: has an absolute zero point, allowing for mathematical operations, and all the properties of nominal, ordinal, and interval scales.

Sampling

Purposive/Judgment Sampling: a non-probability technique where the researcher selects units based on their knowledge and professional judgment.
Slovin's Formula: calculates the sample size (n) based on the total population (N), margin of error (e), and confidence level.

Data Collection

Instruments: Observation, Questionnaires, Interview, Measurement Scales, Likert Scale, Delphi Technique, and Percentage.
Data Saturation: collecting data until no new information is obtained, and redundancy is achieved.

Data Analysis

Measures of Central Tendency: Mode, Median, and Mean.
Measures of Variability: Range, Standard Deviation, Variance, and Percentile.
Measures of Relationship: Pearson's r, Spearman's rho, and Correlation Coefficient.
Inferential Statistics: Chi-Square Test.

Research Process

Conceptual Phase: formulating a research problem, reviewing the literature, and identifying the study's significance.
Empirical Phase: collecting data, conducting pilot studies, and revising the research plan.
Analytical Phase: interpreting the results, and drawing conclusions.
Dissemination Phase: communicating the findings, and utilizing them in practice.

Ethics in Research

Principle of Beneficence: ensuring freedom from harm, and maximizing benefits.
Principle of Respect for Human Dignity: respecting autonomy, providing full disclosure, and ensuring informed consent.
Principle of Justice: promoting fair treatment, and protecting vulnerable subjects.

Research Design

Control: establishing a true relationship between variables by eliminating extraneous factors.
Validity: measuring what is intended to be measured, with internal and external validity.
Reliability: consistency in measuring an attribute.
Causality: assuming cause-and-effect relationships.
Multicausality: recognizing multiple interrelated variables causing an effect.
Probability: the likelihood of an effect occurring after a cause.

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