PEDS HESI
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PEDS HESI

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Questions and Answers

IV rates are measured in _____

mL/hr

Which of the following is an Erikson stage of development?

  • Trust vs. Mistrust
  • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
  • Intimacy vs. Isolation
  • All of the above (correct)

    • What is a common assessment finding in infants with hypokalemia?

    Weakness or lethargy

    Conjunctivitis is only a concern in infants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What interventions are important for an infant in pain?

    <p>Comfort measures, medications, and parental support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What education is essential regarding the varicella vaccine?

    <p>It protects against chickenpox.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SIDS stands for _____.

    <p>Sudden Infant Death Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment for appendicitis?

    <p>Appendectomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Celiac disease requires a gluten-free diet.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by an abnormal communication between the left and right ventricles?

    <p>Ventricular Septal Defect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major symptom of diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Elevated blood glucose and ketones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Head lice can be treated with over-the-counter remedies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key assessment consideration for autism?

    <p>Observing social interactions and behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IV rates are measured in _____

    <p>mL/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the Erikson stages?

    <p>Developmental stages proposed by Erik Erikson, outlining psychosocial conflicts that shape identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of hypokalemia?

    <p>Vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is important in infant pain assessment?

    <p>Using appropriate tools and observing behavioral cues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SIDS stands for _____

    <p>Sudden Infant Death Syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Immunization teaching is only necessary for infants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common intervention for managing asthma?

    <p>Administration of albuterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended diet for a patient with celiac disease?

    <p>A gluten-free diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their relevant interventions:

    <p>Diabetic Ketoacidosis = Insulin administration Nephrotic syndrome = IV Albumin Hypospadias = Repair Enuresis = Interventions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychosocial support is unnecessary for children with ADHD.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of Lyme disease?

    <p>Rash forming a bull's-eye pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of rheumatic fever?

    <p>Untreated strep throat infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acceptable IV rate unit for administration?

    <p>mL/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pediatric infections with their education topics:

    <p>Conjunctivitis = Teaching Varicella = Vaccine education Immunizations = Teaching Otitis Media = Education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are infant milestones?

    <p>Developmental achievements expected in infants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypokalemia requires no interventions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The recommended nutrition for toddlers should include a variety of _____ foods.

    <p>nutritious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions require monitoring for a newborn not passing meconium?

    <p>Biliary atresia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetic ketoacidosis requires insulin administration.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary education focus for children with ADHD?

    <p>Education on behavior management and support strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main intervention for a urinary tract infection (UTI) is _____ management.

    <p>symptom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with a sickle cell crisis?

    <p>Sickle cell disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the interventions for acute epiglottitis?

    <p>Assessment, monitoring, and providing emergency care.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    IV rates are measured in ______

    <p>mL/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the stages of Erikson's developmental theory?

    <p>Eight stages ranging from trust vs. mistrust to integrity vs. despair.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is characterized by low potassium levels?

    <p>Hypokalemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conjunctivitis requires vaccination.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common intervention for asthma?

    <p>Albuterol administration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a safe sleep practice to prevent SIDS?

    <p>Using a firm mattress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal age range for menarche?

    <p>Typically between ages 9 to 16.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an intervention for diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Insulin administration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Weight management is important for ______ age children.

    <p>school</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Head lice is treated with oral medication only.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of IV rates in dosage calculation?

    <p>Measure medication volume in mL/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the Erikson stages used for?

    <p>To understand psychosocial development across the lifespan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypokalemia refers to low levels of potassium in the blood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common intervention for infant pain?

    <p>Use of appropriate analgesics and comforting measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which vaccine is associated with Varicella?

    <p>Varicella (Chickenpox)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a sign of respiratory distress in RSV?

    <p>Wheezing and difficulty breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Safe sleep practices can help prevent ______.

    <p>SIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary concern in managing leukemia in children?

    <p>Providing education and support for families.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What dietary management is important for Celiac disease?

    <p>Gluten-free diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetes management does not require monitoring blood sugar levels.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a symptom of Sickle Cell crisis?

    <p>Severe pain due to vaso-occlusive events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored in Hypothyroidism?

    <p>Thyroid hormone levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of VP shunt interventions?

    <p>To manage excess cerebrospinal fluid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Family-centered care is essential during ______.

    <p>trauma/emergency situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the IV rates typically measured in?

    <p>mL/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are Erikson stages of development? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Identity vs. Role Confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common intervention for hypokalemia?

    <p>Potassium supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conjunctivitis requires teaching patients about hygiene practices.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key teaching point for the varicella vaccine?

    <p>It prevents chickenpox.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of RSV in infants?

    <p>Respiratory distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are safe sleep practices to reduce the risk of SIDS?

    <p>Placing the infant on their back to sleep</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is associated with not passing meconium in newborns?

    <p>Intestinal blockage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary intervention for enuresis?

    <p>Behavioral modification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are symptoms of diabetes? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important action step for testicular pain?

    <p>Seek immediate medical evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which conditions require monitoring for lab values? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct rate of IV fluids?

    <p>mL/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one intervention for hypokalemia.

    <p>Potassium supplementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infant milestones include ______.

    <p>motor skill development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SIDS practices promote unsafe sleep for infants.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign of respiratory distress in RSV?

    <p>Difficulty breathing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary concern with croup?

    <p>Airway obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which food should be avoided in a celiac disease diet?

    <p>Wheat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Menarche typically occurs in girls between ages 12 to 15.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common cause of rheumatic fever?

    <p>Untreated strep throat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Psychosocial support is essential for ______ age groups.

    <p>different</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their interventions:

    <p>Diabetic Ketoacidosis = Insulin administration Hypospadias = Surgical repair ACL Injury = Rehabilitation Head Lice = Topical treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the IV rates measured in?

    <p>mL/hr</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is measured in mg/mL for oral dosages?

    <p>weight based dosing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a stage in Erikson's development?

    <p>Trust vs. Mistrust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary interventions for hypokalemia?

    Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are common infant pain interventions?

    <p>Offering pacifiers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key educational component regarding conjunctivitis?

    Signup and view all the answers

    What vaccine education is critical for Varicella?

    <p>It requires two doses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be monitored in a patient suspected of RSV?

    <p>Signs of respiratory distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    SIDS can be prevented by safe sleep practices.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common intervention for appendicitis?

    <p>Pain management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What teaching is essential for children with celiac disease?

    <p>strict gluten-free diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What monitoring is crucial for diabetic ketoacidosis?

    <p>Hydration status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inguinal hernias only occur in males.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common symptom of sickle cell crisis?

    <p>pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action for a child experiencing signs of ICP?

    <p>Monitor vital signs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Dosage Calculation

    • IV fluid rates are measured in mL/hr
    • PO medications are measured in mg/mL and can also be weight-based

    Growth and Development/Assessment

    • Erikson's stages of psychosocial development are a key framework for understanding child development
    • Auscultation sites for children include the apex of the heart, the base of the heart, and the lung fields.
    • Infant milestones include rolling over, sitting up, crawling, and walking.
    • Thorax assessment in children includes inspecting the shape and symmetry of the chest, auscultating the lungs, and palpating for tenderness.

    Fluid and Electrolytes

    • Hypokalemia is low potassium, interventions include dietary potassium replacement, IV potassium replacement, and monitoring for complications.

    Pain/Procedures

    • Infants are at risk for pain because they can't communicate their needs effectively.
    • Pain assessments for infants include using behavior scales such as the FLACC scale.
    • Pre-procedure support for school-aged children should include education about the procedure, opportunities to ask questions, and strategies for coping with pain.

    Pediatric Infection

    • Conjunctivitis, also known as "pink eye," is an infection of the conjunctiva.
    • Varicella, also known as chickenpox, is a viral illness that is highly contagious.
    • Immunization teaching should include information about the benefits of vaccines, the schedule for vaccinations, and potential side effects.

    Respiratory

    • Otitis media, also known as an ear infection, is a common childhood illness.
    • Albuterol is a bronchodilator used to treat asthma, it can cause hyperventilation in some cases.
    • Signs and symptoms of respiratory distress in an infant include retractions, nasal flaring, increased respiratory rate, and wheezing.
    • Near-drowning events require immediate CPR and other life-saving measures.
    • Acute epiglottitis is a serious infection of the epiglottis.
    • Croup is a viral infection that causes inflammation of the airways.

    Safety/Parenting

    • Safe sleep practices include placing the infant on their back, using a firm sleep surface, avoiding loose bedding, and not smoking around the infant.
    • Infant milestones help track the child's physical and cognitive development.
    • Toddlers need a balanced diet that includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean protein.
    • Limit setting helps children learn appropriate behavior and boundaries.

    Cancer

    • Leukemia is a cancer of the blood-forming cells.
    • Wilms tumor is a type of kidney cancer.
    • Osteosarcoma is a type of bone cancer.
    • Transfusion reactions are a serious complication that can occur after a blood transfusion.

    Musculoskeletal

    • Traction care involves using weights and pulleys to align bones.
    • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a type of arthritis that affects children.
    • Club foot is a birth defect that causes the foot to turn inward.

    Gastrointestinal

    • Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix.
    • Meconium is the first stool passed by a newborn.
    • Pyloric stenosis is a narrowing of the pylorus, the opening between the stomach and the small intestine.
    • Obesity is a major public health concern among school-aged children.
    • Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder that affects the small intestine.
    • Biliary atresia is a blockage of the bile ducts.

    Genitourinary

    • Chronic kidney disease is a long-term condition that affects the kidneys.
    • Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disease that causes the body to leak protein into the urine.
    • Hypospadias is a birth defect that causes the opening of the urethra to be located on the underside of the penis.
    • Exstrophy of the bladder is a birth defect that occurs when the bladder is exposed outside of the body.
    • Inguinal hernia is a condition that occurs when a part of the intestine protrudes through a weak spot in the abdominal wall.
    • UTIs are infections of the urinary tract, they can lead to kidney infections.
    • Enuresis is bedwetting.

    Cardiovascular

    • Rheumatic fever is a condition that can develop after a strep throat infection.
    • Ventricular septal defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall between the two ventricles of the heart.
    • Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta.
    • Kawasaki disease is a condition that causes inflammation of the blood vessels.
    • Tetralogy of Fallot is a heart defect involving four problems.
    • Digoxin is a medication used to treat heart failure, it can cause life-threatening arrhythmias.
    • Endocarditis is an infection of the heart lining.

    Mental Health

    • Anxiety is a common mental health disorder that can affect children.
    • Psychosocial support is essential for children with mental health disorders.
    • ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects attention and behavior.

    Dermatology

    • Head lice are tiny insects that infest the scalp.
    • Lyme disease is a bacterial infection that is spread by ticks.

    Hematology

    • Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder that affects red blood cells.
    • Iron deficiency anemia is a common condition in children, oral iron supplements are typically prescribed.

    Endocrine

    • Precocious puberty is the early onset of puberty before the age of 8 in girls, or 9 in boys.
    • Menarche is the first menstrual period, it typically occurs between the ages of 10 and 16.
    • Testicular pain can be caused by a variety of factors, including torsion, infection, and trauma.
    • Diabetes is a condition that affects how the body regulates blood sugar.
    • Diabetic ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes, it involves high blood sugar levels and ketones in the urine.
    • Hypothyroidism is a condition that occurs when the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone.
    • SIADH is a condition that causes the body to retain too much water.
    • Hypoparathyroidism is a condition that occurs when the parathyroid gland does not produce enough parathyroid hormone.

    Neurology

    • Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects communication and social interaction.
    • Tay-Sachs disease is a genetic disorder that affects the brain and nervous system.
    • Meningitis is an infection of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord.
    • Near-drowning events can cause serious brain damage or death.
    • VP shunts are devices used to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain.
    • ICP is increased intracranial pressure.

    Unspecified Category

    • Triaging acute illnesses is a process of prioritizing patients based on the severity of their condition.
    • Family-centered care is an approach to healthcare that involves the family in all aspects of the child's care.

    Dosage Calculation

    • IV drug administration rates are measured in millilitres per hour (mL/hr)
    • Oral medication dosages are measured in milligrams per millilitre (mg/mL) and may be weight-based

    Growth and Development/Assessment

    • Erikson's stages of psychosocial development are used to understand the social and emotional development of children and adolescents
    • Auscultation sites for children differ slightly from adults, due to the position of the heart and lungs in children
    • Infant milestones: track expected developmental milestones for infants, such as rolling over, sitting up, and crawling
    • Thorax assessment: includes inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation of the chest

    Fluid and Electrolytes

    • Hypokalemia is a condition in which the blood potassium level is low.
    • Interventions for hypokalemia include dietary modifications, potassium supplements, and monitoring for cardiac complications

    Pain/Procedures

    • Infant pain interventions and assessment: use pain scales specifically designed for infants, such as the FLACC scale, and administer pain medications as prescribed.
    • Pre-procedure support for school-age children: include age-appropriate explanations, distraction techniques, and opportunities for control.

    Pediatric Infection

    • Conjunctivitis: education includes proper hand washing, avoiding touching eyes, and using prescribed eye drops.
    • Varicella vaccine education: includes benefits, risks, and importance of completing the vaccine series.
    • Immunization teaching: educate parents about the importance of immunizations, the recommended immunization schedule, and potential side effects.

    Respiratory

    • Otitis Media: education includes symptoms, treatment options, and preventative measures.
    • Asthma: Albuterol is a bronchodilator used to treat asthma.
    • Asthma: Hyperventilating concerns: monitor respiratory rate, assess for signs of respiratory distress, and administer oxygen as needed.
    • RSV: signs of respiratory distress in infants include rapid breathing, flaring nostrils, and retractions.
    • Near-drowning: interventions include establishing an airway, providing oxygen, and monitoring vital signs.
    • Acute epiglottitis: assessment includes inspecting the throat for swelling, and monitoring for respiratory distress.
    • Croup: interventions include cool mist therapy, humidified oxygen, and possibly steroids.

    Safety/Parenting

    • SIDS: Safe sleep practices include placing the infant on their back, in a crib free of soft bedding, and avoiding overheating.
    • Infant milestones: track expected developmental milestones for infants, such as rolling over, sitting up, and crawling.
    • Toddler: Nutrition: provide healthy and age-appropriate foods, and limit sugary drinks and unhealthy snacks.
    • Limit setting: establish clear and consistent rules, provide consequences for rule violations, and use positive reinforcement.

    Cancer

    • Leukemia: education includes treatment options, potential side effects, and support resources.
    • Wilms tumor: Preop considerations include monitoring vital signs, preventing infection, and preparing the child for surgery.
    • Osteosarcoma: a type of bone cancer that typically affects adolescents.
    • Transfusion reaction: fever is a common sign of a transfusion reaction.

    Musculoskeletal

    • Traction care: includes maintaining proper alignment, preventing skin breakdown, and monitoring for complications.
    • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Pain management includes medication, physical therapy, and lifestyle modifications.
    • Club foot: Teaching includes casting, bracing, and exercises.

    Gastrointestinal

    • Appendicitis: Assessment includes abdominal pain, fever, and nausea.
    • Appendicitis: Intervention includes surgical removal of the appendix.
    • Newborn: Not passing meconium: assess for intestinal obstruction.
    • Pyloric stenosis: Monitoring includes monitoring for dehydration and weight loss.
    • Weight management: School age: encourage physical activity, healthy eating habits, and limit screen time.
    • Celiac disease: Diet: eliminate gluten from the diet.
    • Biliary atresia: a condition that blocks bile flow from the liver to the gallbladder.

    Genitourinary

    • Chronic kidney disease: Teaching includes medication, dietary restrictions, and lifestyle modifications.
    • Nephrotic syndrome: Treatment includes high-dose intravenous albumin.
    • Hypospadias: Repair is a surgical procedure to correct the position of the urethral opening.
    • Exstrophy of the bladder: Preop considerations include managing fluid and electrolyte balance, preventing infection, and preparing the child for surgery.
    • Inguinal hernia: Education includes symptoms, treatment options, and preventative measures.
    • UTI: Interventions include antibiotics, increased fluid intake, and pain relief.
    • Enuresis: Interventions include behavioral therapy, medication, and bladder training.

    Cardiovascular

    • Rheumatic fever: Cause is an untreated strep throat infection.
    • Ventricular septal defect: Repair is a surgical procedure to close the hole in the heart.
    • Coarctation of the Aorta: Repair is a surgical procedure to widen the narrowed section of the aorta.
    • Kawasaki disease: Teaching includes treatment options, potential complications, and long-term follow-up care.
    • Tetralogy of Fallot: Post-op education includes monitoring for complications, providing emotional support, and teaching about long-term care.
    • Heart failure: Digoxin (overdosing) is a potentially life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.
    • Endocarditis: Echo is used to diagnose endocarditis, an infection of the heart valves.

    Mental Health

    • Anxiety is a common mental health condition in children and adolescents.
    • Psychosocial support for different age groups includes providing age-appropriate information, emotional support, and referrals for counseling.
    • ADHD: Education includes strategies for managing symptoms, medication options, and support resources.

    Dermatology

    • Head Lice: Education includes how to identify and treat head lice, and preventative measures.
    • Lyme disease: Assessment includes a thorough history and physical exam, including looking for a characteristic rash.

    Hematology

    • Sickle Cell: Sickle cell crisis can be caused by dehydration, infection, or stress.
    • PO iron administration: Education includes taking iron supplements with food and avoiding antacids.

    Endocrine

    • Precocious (early) puberty development: Education includes understanding the condition, treatment options, and potential long-term effects.
    • Menarche: Normal ages range from 8 to 15 years old.
    • Testicular pain: Action steps include seeking prompt medical attention to rule out serious conditions.
    • Diabetes: Interventions include blood glucose monitoring, insulin administration, and dietary management.
    • Diabetic Ketoacidosis: Insulin administration is a critical intervention.
    • Hypothyroidism: Lab monitoring includes monitoring thyroid hormone levels, and adjusting medication dosage as needed.
    • SIADH: Interventions include fluid restriction, monitoring for signs of fluid overload, and medication to help the body excrete fluids.
    • Hypoparathyroidism: Assessment includes monitoring calcium levels, and managing symptoms.

    Neurology

    • Autism: Assessment considerations include observing for social communication difficulties and repetitive behaviors.
    • Tay-Sachs Disease is a rare genetic disorder that affects the nervous system.
    • Meningitis: Interventions include antibiotic therapy, fluid and electrolyte management, and supportive care.
    • Near-drowning: Interventions include establishing an airway, providing oxygen, and monitoring vital signs..
    • VP shunts: Interventions include monitoring for signs of shunt malfunction, and managing complications.
    • ICP: Assessment includes monitoring for signs of increased intracranial pressure, such as headache, vomiting, and changes in consciousness.

    Unspecified category

    • Triaging acute illness: involves assessing the severity of illness, prioritizing care, and providing appropriate interventions.
    • Family-centered care during trauma/emergency: important to include family members in the decision-making process, provide emotional support, and keep them informed about the child's condition and treatment.

    Dosage Calculation

    • IV rates: mL/hr
    • PO: mg/mL, weight-based dosing

    Growth and Development/Assessment

    • Erikson's stages:
      • Trust vs. Mistrust (birth to 1 year): Development of trust is the primary task
      • Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (1 to 3 years): Develop a sense of independence
      • Initiative vs. Guilt (3 to 5 years): Explore and learn through initiative
      • Industry vs. Inferiority (6 to 11 years): Learn new skills and become competent
      • Identity vs. Role Confusion (12 to 18 years): Develop a sense of self
    • Auscultation sites:
      • Infant:
        • Listen to the heart sounds at the 2nd intercostal space, right sternal border
        • Listen for murmurs
        • Listen to the lungs in the interscapular region, axillary region, and anterior chest
      • Child:
        • Listen to the heart sounds at the 5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line
        • Listen to the lungs for wheezing, rales, rhonchi, and crackles
    • Infant milestones:
      • 4 months: Roll over, grasp objects, laugh
      • 6 months: Sit up, babble, begin teething
      • 9 months: Crawl, stand with support, vocalization
      • 12 months: Walk independently, say first words, wave goodbye
    • Thorax assessment:
      • Assess for symmetry of the chest wall, accessory muscle use, and retractions.
      • Auscultate the lungs for breath sounds, crackles, wheezes and rhonchi

    Fluid and Electrolytes

    • Hypokalemia:
      • Electrolyte imbalance characterized by low potassium levels.
      • Common causes: Diuretics, vomiting, diarrhea
      • Interventions: Potassium supplements, IV potassium as directed

    Pain/procedures

    • Infant pain interventions/assessment:
      • Assessment: Use an infant pain scale such as the FLACC scale, NIPS, or CRIES scale
      • Interventions: Non-pharmacological pain relief such as swaddling, rocking, sucking on a pacifier. Pharmacologic pain relief options include acetaminophen, ibuprofen, and opioids.
    • Pre-procedure support for school-age:
      • Provide a clear explanation of the procedure in age-appropriate terms
      • Allow the child to ask questions and express fears.
      • Offer choices to increase the child's sense of control.

    Pediatric Infection

    • Conjunctivitis:
      • Infection of the conjunctiva or pink eye.
      • Teaching: Proper hygiene, eye drops administration
    • Varicella:
      • Chicken pox, highly contagious viral infection often associated with a characteristic itchy rash.
      • Vaccine education:
        • Two doses of the varicella vaccine are available.
        • Vaccination can help prevent or reduce the severity of chickenpox.
    • Immunization teaching:
      • Advise parents about age-appropriate vaccinations.
      • Provide information about the benefits and risks of different vaccines

    Respiratory

    • Otitis Media:
      • Inflammation of the middle ear.
      • Education:
        • Frequent ear infections are common in young children.
        • Signs and symptoms include ear pain, fever, and irritability.
        • Treatment may include antibiotics, pain relievers, and decongestants.
    • Asthma:
      • Chronic respiratory disease characterized by airway inflammation, bronchospasm, and wheezing.
      • Albuterol:
        • Bronchodilator used to relieve bronchospasm.
        • Administered via inhaler.
      • Hyperventilating concerns:
        • Hyperventilation can be a sign of an asthma attack.
        • Encourage slow, deep breaths to help reduce hyperventilation.
    • RSV:
      • Respiratory Syncytial Virus, a common respiratory infection that causes bronchiolitis.
      • S/s of respiratory distress:
        • Rapid breathing, wheezing, retractions, nasal flaring, cyanosis.
    • Near-drowning:
      • A life-threatening event that occurs when a person's airway is blocked by water and they cannot breathe.
      • Interventions:
        • Call 911 immediately
        • Initiate CPR if the child is not breathing
        • Transport to the hospital
    • Acute epiglottitis:
      • A life-threatening infection of the epiglottis, the flap of cartilage that covers the trachea.
      • Assessment:
        • The child may exhibit a characteristic "tripod" position with the chin jutted forward and the mouth open (difficulty breathing, drooling, and high fever)
      • Monitoring: Strict observation of the airway, pulse oximetry, respiratory rate, and oxygen saturation
    • Croup:
      • A common viral infection that causes inflammation of the upper airway.
      • Interventions:
        • Humidified air, corticosteroids, and racemic epinephrine.

    Safety/Parenting

    • SIDS:
      • Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Happens when a healthy baby dies suddenly and unexpectedly, and the cause of death is not clear.
      • Safe sleep practices:
        • Place babies on their backs to sleep
        • Use a firm, flat sleep surface such as a crib
        • Share a room with your baby but don't share the same bed
    • Infant milestones:
      • Use these to assess developmental progression (refer to infant milestones section above).
    • Toddler:
      • Nutrition: Important to eat nutritious foods because they are growing and developing quickly
    • Limit setting:
      • Consistent, clear limits help toddlers learn boundaries
      • Use positive discipline.

    Cancer

    • Leukemia:
      • Cancer of the blood-forming tissue.
      • Teaching:
        • Chemotherapy and radiation therapy are common treatment options.
        • Observe for signs of infection
    • Wilms tumor:
      • Cancer of the kidney.
      • Pre-op:
        • Avoid palpation of the abdomen.
        • Risk of spreading cancer cells.
    • Osteosarcoma:
      • Cancer of the bone.
      • Patho:
        • Typically occurs in adolescence
        • Can be an aggressive form of cancer
    • Transfusion reaction, fever:
      • Triggers:
        • Fever, chills, rapid heartbeat, decreased blood pressure, and shortness of breath,
        • A reaction may be due to incompatibility between the donor and recipient blood types.
      • Interventions:
        • Stop the infusion.
        • Notify the physician and have an IV line available to administer fluids.
        • Vital signs
        • Labs

    Musculoskeletal

    • Traction care:
      • A type of treatment using weights, pulleys, and ropes to realign a fracture.
      • Care includes:
        • Maintaining the weight of the traction
        • Protecting the skin.
        • Encouraging ROM in the unaffected joints.
    • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis:
      • An autoimmune disorder that causes joint pain, swelling, and stiffness.
      • Pain management:
        • NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and methotrexate are common treatment options
    • Club foot:
      • A birth defect where the foot is twisted inward.
      • Teaching:
        • Includes serial casting, surgery, and physical therapy

    Gastrointestinal

    • Appendicitis:
      • Inflammation of the appendix.
      • Assessment:
        • Abdominal pain, fever, and nausea are common signs
        • Pain localized in the right lower quadrant (McBurney's point)
      • Intervention:
        • Prompt surgical removal of the appendix is the treatment of choice.
    • Newborn:
      • Not passing meconium:
        • Concerns:
          • Hirschsprung disease (a condition affecting the large intestine preventing waste from being passed)
        • Notify the physician:
    • Pyloric stenosis:
      • A narrowing of the pyloric sphincter.
      • Monitoring:
        • Vomiting, dehydration, and weight loss.
    • Weight management:
      • School-age:
        • Encourage healthy eating habits
        • Increase physical activity
    • Celiac disease:
      • An autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten.
      • Diet:
        • Strict gluten-free diet that eliminates wheat, rye, and barley.
    • Biliary atresia:
      • A rare liver disease that affects the bile ducts
      • Signs and symptoms:
        • Jaundice, dark urine, pale stools
      • Interventions:
        • Surgery to create a bypass is typically required.

    Genitourinary

    • Chronic kidney disease:
      • Prolonged kidney dysfunction
      • Loss of kidney function often occurs due to diabetes, hypertension, or glomerulonephritis
      • Teaching:
        • Fluid and dietary restrictions, medication adherence.
    • Nephrotic syndrome:
      • A kidney disorder that causes protein to leak into the urine resulting in proteinuria.
      • IV Albumin:
        • Helps to replace the lost protein in the blood
    • Hypospadias:
      • A birth defect where the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis.
      • Repair:
        • Surgical repair is typically performed.
    • Exstrophy of the bladder:
      • A birth defect where the bladder is exposed outside of the body.
      • Preop considerations:
        • Protect the exposed bladder from infection and injury
    • Inguinal hernia:
      • A protrusion of a part of the intestine through a weakness in the abdominal wall.
      • Education:
        • Teach parents the importance of watching for signs of an incarcerated hernia.
    • UTI:
      • Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs)
      • Burning during urination, frequent urination, and pelvic pain
      • Interventions:
        • Antibiotics are the mainstay
        • Encourage fluids
        • Proper hygiene, especially with girls
    • Enuresis:
      • Bedwetting
      • Interventions:
        • Behavioral therapy
        • Medications

    Cardiovascular

    • Rheumatic fever:
      • An inflammatory disease that can damage the heart valves.
      • Cause:
        • Untreated strep throat infection
    • Ventricular Septal Defect:
      • A hole in the wall between the ventricles of heart
      • Repair:
        • Surgical repair or closure with a device
      • Pre/post-op teaching:
        • Provide information about the surgery and follow-up care.
    • Coarctation of the Aorta:
      • A narrowing of the aorta.
      • Repair:
        • Surgical repair or balloon angioplasty
    • Kawasaki disease:
      • A condition that causes inflammation of the blood vessels, often affecting the heart.
      • Teaching:
        • Early detection and treatment are important to prevent future cardiac problems.
    • Tetralogy of Fallot:
      • A congenital heart defect with four distinct abnormalities.
      • Post-op education:
        • Provide guidance on managing the condition and follow-up care.
    • Heart failure:
      • A condition where the heart cannot pump blood effectively.
      • Digoxin (overdosing):
        • Possible signs of overdose include nausea, vomiting, and bradycardia.
    • Endocarditis:
      • Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.
      • Echo:
        • Echocardiogram is used to diagnose and monitor endocarditis.

    Mental Health

    • Anxiety:
      • A common mental health disorder that causes excessive worry and fear.
      • Interventions:
        • Cognitive behavioral therapy, relaxation techniques, and medications
    • Psychosocial support for different age groups:
      • Provide appropriate psychosocial support for children and adolescents with mental health disorders.
    • ADHD:
      • Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
      • Education:
        • Teach parents about the disorder and how to manage it.
        • Provide medication education and behavioral therapy for children with ADHD.

    Dermatology

    • Head Lice:
      • Parasitic insects that live on the scalp and feed on human blood.
      • Education:
        • Teach about the importance of proper hygiene, including washing and combing hair.
        • Teach about the use of over-the-counter and prescription medications for the treatment of head lice.
    • Lyme disease:
      • A tick-borne illness.
      • Assessment:
        • Look for a characteristic bull's-eye rash.

    Hematology

    • Sickle Cell:
      • An inherited blood disorder.
      • Sickle cell crisis:
        • Painful episodes that occur when red blood cells become sickle-shaped.
      • Interventions:
        • Administer oxygen, fluids, and pain medications.
        • Provide supportive care and education on how to manage the condition.
    • PO iron administration:
      • Iron should be taken on an empty stomach (with orange juice) to improve absorption.

    Endocrine

    • Precocious (early) puberty development:
      • Puberty starts earlier than typically expected
      • Education:
        • Explain the condition and its causes.
        • Provide information about treatment options.
    • Menarche:
      • First menstrual period.
      • Normal ages:
        • Typically occurs between the ages of 8 and 15 years old, but some variation is normal.
    • Testicular pain:
      • Action steps:
        • Seek medical attention.
        • Testicular pain could indicate a serious condition such as testicular torsion.
    • Diabetes:
      • A metabolic disorder characterized by high blood sugar.
      • Interventions:
        • Regular blood sugar monitoring, insulin therapy, dietary management, exercise, and education on the condition.
    • Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA):
      • Life-threatening complication of diabetes
      • Insulin administration:
        • Administer insulin intravenously as ordered by the physician
    • Hypothyroidism:
      • A condition where the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone.
      • Lab monitoring:
        • Monitor TSH levels.
    • SIADH:
      • Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)
      • A condition where the body produces too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH).
      • Interventions:
        • Fluid restriction is typically the first-line treatment.
    • Hypoparathyroidism:
      • A condition where the parathyroid glands do not produce enough parathyroid hormone.
      • Assessment:
        • Hypocalcemia.

    Neurology

    • Autism:
      • A developmental disorder that affects communication and social interaction.
      • Assessment considerations:
        • Observe for delays in language development, repetitive behaviors, and social interaction difficulties.
    • Tay-Sachs Disease:
      • A rare genetic disorder that affects the nervous system.
      • Assessment:
        • Look for progressive neurological decline, physical delays, and seizures.
    • Meningitis:
      • Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.
      • Interventions:
        • Antibiotics, supportive care, and close monitoring.
      • Prioritization:
        • Airway, breathing, and circulation (ABCs) are the priority.
    • Near-drowning:
      • A life-threatening event that occurs when a person's airway is blocked by water.
      • Interventions:
        • Respiratory support (oxygen), CPR, and careful monitoring for neurological complications.
    • VP shunts:
      • Ventricular-peritoneal shunts
      • Drain excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain to the abdomen to prevent life-threatening hydrocephalus or build-up of fluid in the brain, in cases of congenital or acquired conditions.
      • Interventions:
        • Care includes monitoring for signs of shunt malfunction and infection.
    • ICP:
      • Intracranial pressure
      • Assessment:
        • Signs of increased intracranial pressure include headache, vomiting, decreased level of consciousness, and seizures.

    Unspecified category

    • Triaging acute illness:
      • Assess for a child's overall condition and prioritize care based on their needs
      • Use assessment tools such as the Pediatric Assessment Triangle (PAT) and the Early Warning System (EWS).
    • Family-centered care during trauma/emergency:
      • Recognize that parents are the experts on their child and provide them with support and information.
      • Involve the family in all aspects of care.

    Dosage Calculation

    • IV fluid rates are measured in mL/hr.

    • PO medications often require dosages in mg/mL, and weight-based dosing is common.

    Growth and Development

    • Use Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development to understand the developmental needs of children.

    • Know the proper auscultation sites for assessing heart sounds, lung sounds, and bowel sounds.

    • Understand age-appropriate milestones for infants, including gross and fine motor skills, language, and cognitive abilities.

    • Thoracic assessment includes inspecting the shape of the chest, auscultating breath sounds, and palpating for any abnormal findings like crepitus or masses.

    Fluid and Electrolytes

    • Hypokalemia is a low potassium level.

    • Interventions for Hypokalemia: Check for signs and symptoms of hypokalemia, like muscle weakness, fatigue, and arrhythmias. Provide potassium supplements (IV or oral) as prescribed. Monitor serum potassium levels closely.

    Pain Management and Procedures

    • Interventions for infant pain: Nonpharmacological interventions like swaddling, skin-to-skin contact, and sucking on a pacifier may be helpful. Pharmacological interventions may include acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or opioids.

    • Prepare school-age children for procedures by providing age-appropriate explanations, allowing them to ask questions, and giving them choices when possible.

    Pediatric Infections

    • Teaching for conjunctivitis: Keep the child’s hands clean. Wash hands frequently. Do not share towels or washcloths. Apply antibiotic eye drops or ointment as prescribed.

    • Varicella vaccine: Protection against chickenpox. Two doses are recommended.

    • Immunization teaching: Importance of vaccinations to prevent infectious diseases.

    Respiratory

    • Otitis Media: Inflammation of the middle ear. Treat with antibiotics. Pain management.

    • Asthma: Albuterol helps to open the airways. Watch for signs of hyperventilation: rapid breathing, dizziness, and lightheadedness.

    • RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus): S/S of respiratory distress include rapid breathing, retractions, wheezing, and cyanosis.

    • Near-drowning: Interventions include initiating CPR if needed, supporting airway and breathing, and providing warmth.

    • Acute epiglottitis: Inflammation of the epiglottis. Common in children. Presents with sudden high fever, painful swallowing, drooling, and inspiratory stridor. Maintain airway and provide emergency care.

    • Croup: A viral infection. Characterized by barking cough and inspiratory stridor. Treat with supportive care, including oxygen and nebulized epinephrine in severe cases.

    Safety and Parenting

    • SIDS: Safe sleep practices: Lay infant in a crib or bassinet on their back. Place infant on a firm sleep surface. No loose bedding or stuffed animals in the crib.

    • Infant milestones: Understand age-appropriate developmental milestones for infants, including gross and fine motor skills, language, and cognitive abilities.

    • Toddler nutrition: Encourage a balanced diet with appropriate portion sizes. Limit sugary drinks and processed foods.

    • Limit setting: Creating clear rules and boundaries for toddlers and younger children. Be consistent and follow through.

    Cancer

    • Leukemia: A type of cancer that affects the blood and bone marrow. Explain signs and symptoms to parents.

    • Wilms tumor: A type of kidney cancer. Pre-op: Prepare the child and family for surgery. Explain what the procedure entails.

    • Osteosarcoma: A type of bone cancer that usually affects long bones. Explain the disease process and treatment options.

    • Transfusion reaction: If a patient displays fever during a blood transfusion, stop the transfusion and monitor the patient’s vital signs.

    Musculoskeletal

    • Traction care: A procedure that uses weights to help align bones. Assist with proper application and maintenance.

    • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: An autoimmune condition characterized by pain, swelling, and stiffness in the joints. Pain management is key.

    • Club foot: A condition where the foot is turned inwards. Teaching: Explain causes and treatment options to the family.

    Gastrointestinal

    • Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix. Assess and monitor pain levels, fever, decreased bowel sounds, and nausea.

    • Newborn: Not passing meconium: May be a sign of an intestinal obstruction or other problem. Assess and monitor the newborn.

    • Pyloric stenosis: Narrowing of the opening between the stomach and the small intestine. Monitor for symptoms include projectile vomiting, dehydration, and weight loss.

    • Weight management: Teach school-age children about healthy eating habits, regular exercise, and the importance of maintaining a healthy weight.

    • Celiac disease: An autoimmune disorder that causes damage to the small intestine when gluten is consumed. Dietary restrictions for life are required with celiac disease.

    • Biliary atresia: A blockage of the bile ducts. This condition often requires surgery.

    Genitourinary

    • Chronic kidney disease: Teach children about the importance of managing their condition, such as blood sugar and blood pressure.

    • Nephrotic syndrome: A condition affecting the kidneys. Provides IV albumin to treat hypoalbuminemia.

    • Hypospadias: A condition in which the opening of the urethra is not in the normal position. Repair is often necessary.

    • Exstrophy of the bladder: A condition in which the bladder is exposed outside of the body. Preoperative considerations include protecting the exposed bladder, preventing infection, and maintaining skin integrity.

    • Inguinal hernia: Protrusion of a loop of the intestine through the abdominal wall. Education includes explaining the condition to parents and providing instructions for care, including monitoring the hernia and seeking medical attention if it worsens.

    • UTI: Interventions include antibiotics as prescribed, hydration, and bladder emptying.

    • Enuresis: Bedwetting beyond the normal age. Interventions include behavioral therapy, medications, and limiting fluids before bedtime.

    Cardiovascular

    • Rheumatic fever: Can be caused by a strep throat infection. Can cause heart damage.

    • Ventricular Septal Defect: A hole in the wall between the left and right ventricles of the heart. This may be surgically repaired. Pre-op: Explain the procedure to the family. Explain the need for post-op care, including antibiotics and monitoring for heart failure.

    • Coarctation of the aorta: A narrowing of the aorta. This may be surgically repaired. Prepare the child for surgery, understand the recovery process, and be aware of potential complications.

    • Kawasaki disease: A condition causing inflammation of the blood vessels. Teach the child and family about the condition and treatment options, including IVIG therapy and aspirin.

    • Tetralogy of Fallot: A complex heart defect. Post-op: Explain the importance of post-op care, including antibiotics and monitoring for any signs of infection or heart failure.

    • Heart failure: Digoxin overdose can lead to serious heart rhythm problems. Know the signs and symptoms of an overdose and seek immediate medical attention.

    • Endocarditis: Inflammation of the inside lining of the heart. An echocardiogram (echo) can help to diagnose the condition.

    Mental Health

    • Anxiety: Be aware of the signs and symptoms of anxiety in children, such as excessive worry, fear, or nervousness. Provide psychosocial support for different age groups.

    • Psychosocial support for different age groups: Be aware of age-appropriate behavioral responses and provide coping strategies.

    • ADHD: Explain the condition to the parents and discuss treatment options, including medication and behavioral therapy. Teach about the importance of following treatment plans and managing the condition.

    Dermatology

    • Head lice: Teach children about how they are spread and proper medication and combing techniques to eliminate them.

    • Lyme disease: Assess for a bullseye rash, fever, and other symptoms.

    Hematology

    • Sickle Cell: A genetic disorder. Can cause painful sickle cell crisis to occur. Be aware of the signs and symptoms.

    • PO iron administration: Give iron supplements with food to improve absorption and lessen stomach upset.

    Endocrine

    • Precocious (early) puberty development: Explain the condition to parents and talk about treatment.

    • Menarche: The onset of menstruation. Know the normal age range.

    • Testicular pain: Be prepared to assess testicular pain, determine the cause, and provide appropriate care.

    • Diabetes: Interventions include blood sugar monitoring, medication administration, and lifestyle changes.

    • Diabetic Ketoacidosis: A serious complication of Diabetes. Administer insulin as prescribed and monitor blood sugar levels closely.

    • Hypothyroidism: Assess for signs and symptoms of hypothyroidism, such as fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance. Monitor lab values, such as TSH and Free T4.

    • SIADH: A condition where the body produces too much ADH. Interventions include fluid restriction, fluid replacement, and medications that block ADH.

    • Hypoparathyroidism: Assess for symptoms of hypoparathyroidism, such as muscle cramps, fatigue, and tetany. Monitor calcium and phosphorus levels.

    Neurology

    • Autism: Be aware of the signs and symptoms of autism and consider how this affects the child’s development. Provide resources for further support and education.

    • Tay-Sachs Disease: A genetic disorder that affects babies and young children. Assess the child's development and family history.

    • Meningitis: An inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Provide appropriate care, including antibiotics, supportive care, and monitoring for neurological changes.

    • Near-drowning: Initiate CPR if needed and care for the child's breathing and airway. Keep the child warm, monitor for complications like pneumonia, and provide emotional support to the family.

    • VP shunts: A device that helps drain excess cerebrospinal fluid from the brain. Monitor for shunt malfunction, signs of hydrocephalus, and neurological changes. Keep the shunt site clean, alert parents and caregivers to warning signs, and be prepared to respond to emergencies if needed.

    • ICP: Assess for signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure, such as headache, nausea, vomiting, changes in consciousness, and papillary changes.

    Unspecified Category

    • Triaging: Use the principles of ABCDE (Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure) to prioritize care in acute illness situations.

    • Family-centered care: Involve parents in the care of their children during trauma and emergency situations. Provide emotional support and clear communication about the child’s condition and treatment plan, and work with the family to create a plan for post-discharge care.

    Dosage Calculation

    • IV flow rates are measured in mL/hr
    • Oral medication dosages are measured in mg/mL and can be weight-based

    Growth and Development/Assessment

    • Erikson's stages of psychosocial development provide a framework for understanding the challenges and milestones of each developmental stage
    • Auscultation sites for the heart, lungs, and bowel sounds should be familiar to assess the health of a child
    • Infant milestones are key indicators of normal development and include:
      • Rolling over
      • Sitting up
      • Crawling
      • Walking
      • Talking
    • Thorax assessment includes inspecting the chest for any deformities, palpating for tenderness or crepitus, and auscultating for breath sounds

    Fluid and Electrolytes

    • Hypokalemia: Interventions aim to replenish potassium levels and can include:
      • Potassium supplements by mouth
      • Potassium supplements intravenously
      • Increasing potassium intake through diet

    Pain/Procedures

    • Infant pain interventions and assessment include:
      • Non-pharmacological methods such as swaddling, rocking, and sucking on a pacifier
      • Pharmacological methods include acetaminophen or ibuprofen
      • Pain scales specific to infants
    • Pre-procedure support for school-age children includes:
      • Explaining the procedure in age-appropriate terms
      • Allowing the child to ask questions
      • Providing reassurance and support
      • Offering distraction techniques

    Pediatric Infection

    • Conjunctivitis: Teaching focuses on hygiene, such as frequent handwashing, and proper cleaning of eye secretions
    • Varicella (chickenpox): Vaccine education emphasizes the importance of vaccination to prevent the disease and its potential complications
    • Immunization teaching includes:
      • Importance of vaccinations to prevent serious diseases
      • Contraindications and side effects of specific vaccines
      • Schedule for recommended vaccinations

    Respiratory

    • Otitis media: Education focuses on understanding the cause, symptoms, and treatment options
    • Asthma: Teaching covers how to use an albuterol inhaler, recognizing signs of an impending asthma attack, and the importance of avoiding triggers
    • RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus): Signs of respiratory distress include:
      • Increased respiratory rate
      • Retractions
      • Grunting
      • Nasal flaring
      • Cyanosis
    • Near-drowning: Interventions prioritize airway management, oxygenation, and resuscitation
    • Acute epiglottitis: Assessment focuses on monitoring for signs of airway obstruction, such as:
      • Drooling
      • Stridor
      • Difficulty swallowing
      • Respiratory distress
    • Croup: Supportive interventions include:
      • Cool mist humidification
      • Corticosteroids
      • Racemic epinephrine

    Safety/Parenting

    • SIDS (Sudden Infant Death Syndrome): Safe sleep practices include:
      • Placing infants on their back to sleep
      • Using a firm sleep surface
      • Keeping the sleeping environment smoke-free
    • Infant milestones: Monitor for developmental delays
    • Toddler nutrition: Encourage a balanced diet, limit sugary drinks and processed foods, and provide healthy snacks.
    • Limit setting involves establishing clear rules and consequences to promote safe and appropriate behavior

    Cancer

    • Leukemia: Teaching includes understanding the disease, treatment options, and potential side effects of chemotherapy and radiation
    • Wilms tumor (nephroblastoma): Preoperative considerations include:
      • Avoiding palpation of the abdomen, as this can dislodge tumor cells
      • Monitoring for signs of tumor rupture
    • Osteosarcoma: Pathophysiology includes the development of malignant bone tumors, often near the knee
    • Transfusion reaction, fever: Common symptoms of transfusion reactions include fever, chills, and shortness of breath

    Musculoskeletal

    • Traction care: Monitoring includes:
      • Skin assessment for signs of irritation
      • Maintaining proper alignment of the traction weights
      • Ensuring adequate pain management
    • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis: Pain management involves:
      • Medications such as NSAIDs and corticosteroids
      • Physical therapy
      • Occupational therapy
    • Club foot: Teaching includes understanding the condition, treatment options, and the need for regular follow-up care

    Gastrointestinal

    • Appendicitis: Assessment includes monitoring for signs of pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen, fever, nausea, and vomiting
    • Newborn not passing meconium: This can be a sign of an underlying problem, such as intestinal obstruction
    • Pyloric stenosis: Monitoring involves observing for signs of projectile vomiting and dehydration
    • Weight management for school-age children: Encourage healthy eating habits, regular physical activity, and limit screen time
    • Celiac disease: Diet includes avoiding gluten, which is found in wheat, barley, and rye
    • Biliary atresia: This is a condition where the bile ducts are blocked, requiring surgery to correct

    Genitourinary

    • Chronic kidney disease: Teaching includes understanding the disease, treatment options, and the importance of managing blood pressure and blood sugar levels
    • Nephrotic syndrome: Interventions include administering intravenous albumin to help reduce swelling
    • Hypospadias: Repair is a surgical procedure to correct an abnormal opening of the urethra
    • Exstrophy of the bladder: Preoperative considerations include protecting the exposed bladder from infection and keeping it moist
    • Inguinal hernia: Education focuses on understanding the condition, treatment options, and the importance of prompt medical attention
    • UTI: Interventions include administering antibiotics and encouraging increased fluid intake
    • Enuresis (bedwetting): Interventions may include medications, behavioral therapy, and bladder training

    Cardiovascular

    • Rheumatic fever: Caused by a bacterial infection that can damage the heart valves
    • Ventricular Septal Defect: Repair is a surgical procedure to close the hole in the heart
    • Coarctation of the aorta: Repair is a surgical procedure to widen the narrowed section of the aorta
    • Kawasaki disease: Teaching includes understanding the condition, treatment options, and potential complications
    • Tetralogy of Fallot: Post-operative education includes the importance of monitoring for signs of infection and preventing heart failure
    • Heart failure: Digoxin can cause overdosing symptoms such as:
      • Vomiting
      • Decreased heart rate
      • Irregular heartbeat
      • Difficulty breathing
    • Endocarditis: Echo is used to assess the heart valves and detect any signs of infection.

    Mental Health

    • Anxiety: Understanding the symptoms, causes, and different types of anxiety disorders
    • Psychosocial support for different age groups: Providing age-appropriate coping mechanisms, therapeutic interventions, and family support
    • ADHD (Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder): Education about the condition, treatment options, and how to manage symptoms

    Dermatology

    • Head lice: Education focuses on understanding the condition, treatment options, and preventive measures
    • Lyme disease: Assessment involves identifying a distinctive bull's-eye rash and other symptoms, such as fever, muscle aches, and fatigue

    Hematology

    • Sickle cell: Sickle cell crisis is a painful episode that occurs when red blood cells become sickle-shaped and block blood flow
    • PO iron administration: Proper administration techniques include:
      • Give iron with food or orange juice to improve absorption
      • Avoid giving iron with dairy products
      • Use a straw to prevent staining of the teeth

    Endocrine

    • Precocious (early) puberty development: Education includes understanding the condition, providing reassurance, and discussing treatment options
    • Menarche (first menstrual period): Normal ages range from 8 to 15 years old
    • Testicular pain: Action steps include seeking medical attention promptly, as it could be a sign of an underlying medical condition
    • Diabetes: Interventions include:
      • Monitoring blood sugar levels
      • Administering insulin
      • Following a healthy diet and exercise plan
      • Preventing complications
    • Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA): Insulin administration is crucial to lower blood sugar levels and correct the acid imbalance in the body
    • Hypothyroidism: Lab monitoring measures thyroid hormone levels (TSH and T4) to assess thyroid function
    • SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion): Interventions aim to manage fluid restriction and electrolyte imbalances
    • Hypoparathyroidism: Assessment focuses on monitoring for symptoms such as:
      • Muscle spasms
      • Seizures
      • Numbness and tingling
      • Fatigue

    Neurology

    • Autism: Assessment considerations include:
      • Observing for social communication deficits
      • Assessing for repetitive behaviors
      • Understanding the child's sensory sensitivities
    • Tay-Sachs Disease: Assessment involves:
      • Identifying progressive neurodegeneration
      • Evaluating for signs of developmental delays
      • Understanding the genetic predisposition
    • Meningitis: Interventions involve:
      • Administering antibiotics or antiviral medications
      • Maintaining airway and breathing
      • Monitoring for signs of complications
      • Prioritizing care based on severity of symptoms
    • Near-drowning: Interventions prioritize airway management, oxygenation, and resuscitation
    • VP shunts: Interventions include:
      • Monitoring for signs of shunt malfunction
      • Managing potential complications
      • Providing support to the child and family
    • ICP (Intracranial Pressure): Assessment includes monitoring for signs of increased ICP, such as:
      • Headache
      • Vomiting
      • Seizures
      • Changes in consciousness

    Unspecified Category

    • Triaging acute illness: Prioritizing care based on the severity of symptoms and potential for deterioration
    • Family-centered care during trauma/emergency: Ensuring the child and family are informed, involved, and supported during procedures

    Dosage Calculation

    • Intravenous (IV) rates are calculated in milliliters per hour (mL/hr).
    • Oral (PO) medications dosages are determined using milligrams per milliliter (mg/mL) and weight-based calculations.

    Growth and Development/Assessment

    • Understand Erik Erikson's stages of psychosocial development to assess children's developmental progress.
    • Know the correct auscultation sites for various age groups and how to effectively assess lung sounds.
    • Recognize key milestones for infant development (e.g., rolling, sitting, crawling, walking) to identify delays or concerns.
    • Thoracic assessment includes inspecting the shape, symmetry, respiratory effort, and auscultating lung sounds.

    Fluid and Electrolytes

    • Hypokalemia, a low potassium level, can be addressed through interventions such as oral potassium supplements or intravenous potassium administration.

    Pain/procedures

    • Utilize age-appropriate methods to assess and manage pain in infants, including non-pharmacological approaches (e.g., swaddling, sucking on a pacifier) and pharmacological options (e.g., acetaminophen, ibuprofen).
    • Prepare school-aged children for procedures by explaining the process in a developmentally appropriate way, providing support, and allowing them to ask questions.

    Pediatric Infection

    • Educate parents about conjunctivitis (pink eye), its contagious nature, and appropriate treatment methods (e.g., antibiotic eye drops).
    • Explain the benefits, schedule, and potential side effects of the varicella (chickenpox) vaccine, emphasizing its role in preventing serious complications.
    • Provide detailed information about routine immunizations, including their schedules, importance, and potential side effects.

    Respiratory

    • Educate parents on otitis media (middle ear infection), recognizing symptoms, and appropriate treatment (e.g., antibiotics, pain relievers).
    • Teach parents how to use albuterol inhalers for asthma management, explaining signs of overuse and potential hyperventilation.
    • Recognize the signs of respiratory distress in infants with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), including: rapid breathing, nasal flaring, retractions, grunting, and cyanosis.
    • Implement appropriate interventions for near-drowning events, including respiratory support, airway management, and maintaining a stable body temperature.
    • Recognize the signs and symptoms of acute epiglottitis, a serious infection of the airway, and prioritize immediate medical intervention.
    • Utilize interventions for croup, including humidified air, steroids, and nebulized epinephrine, to reduce airway inflammation.

    Safety/Parenting

    • Promote safe sleep practices for infants to reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS), such as placing infants on their back, in a firm crib, and sharing a room but not a bed.
    • Understand the expected milestones and developmental progression for infants and toddlers, recognizing any concerning delays or deviations.
    • Educate parents about age-appropriate nutrition for toddlers, emphasizing healthy food choices and portion control.
    • Teach parents effective limit-setting techniques appropriate for different age groups to promote positive behavior and discipline.

    Cancer

    • Educate families about leukemia, its treatment (e.g., chemotherapy, radiation therapy), and the potential side effects.
    • Prepare families for Wilms tumor surgery, emphasizing the importance of pre-operative evaluation and meticulous surgical techniques.
    • Explain the pathogenesis of osteosarcoma, a bone cancer, its symptoms, and treatment options.
    • Understand the signs of a transfusion reaction, including fever, chills, and hives, and the importance of prompt intervention.

    Musculoskeletal

    • Provide comprehensive care for patients in traction, including skin assessment, maintaining alignment, and preventing complications.
    • Educate families about juvenile idiopathic arthritis, its causes, symptoms, and pain management strategies (e.g., pain relief medications, physical therapy).
    • Provide education on club foot, its treatment options (e.g., serial casting, surgery), and expected outcomes for families.

    Gastrointestinal

    • Recognize the signs and symptoms of appendicitis, including abdominal pain, fever, and nausea, and prioritize appropriate intervention (e.g., surgery).
    • Understand the significance of meconium passage within 24 hours of birth and promptly address concerns about delayed passage.
    • Monitor infants with pyloric stenosis, a condition that affects the stomach outlet, for dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and symptoms of vomiting.
    • Educate families about weight management strategies for school-aged children, emphasizing healthy eating habits, regular exercise, and lifestyle modifications.
    • Teach families about the dietary restrictions required for celiac disease, an autoimmune disorder triggered by gluten.
    • Understand the causes, diagnosis, and treatment options for biliary atresia, a rare liver condition affecting newborns.

    Genitourinary

    • Educate families about chronic kidney disease (CKD), its causes, progression, and necessary lifestyle adjustments (e.g., dietary restrictions, fluid management).
    • Understand the role of intravenous albumin in managing nephrotic syndrome, a kidney disorder, and its impact on protein loss and edema.
    • Educate families about the surgical repair of hypospadias, a condition where the urethra opening is not located at the tip of the penis.
    • Prepare families for the surgical repair of exstrophy of the bladder, a complex birth defect, emphasizing pre-operative evaluation and post-operative care.
    • Educate families about inguinal hernias, their symptoms, and treatment options (e.g., surgery).
    • Understand the causes and treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in children, including antibiotic therapy and prevention strategies.
    • Provide education about enuresis (bedwetting), its common causes, and potential non-pharmacological interventions (e.g., bladder training, reducing fluid intake before bedtime).

    Cardiovascular

    • Recognize rheumatic fever, an inflammatory response triggered by a streptococcal infection, and understand its potential complications (e.g., heart valve damage).
    • Educate families about the surgical repair of ventricular septal defect (VSD), a hole in the heart's septum, and provide pre- and post-operative teaching.
    • Explain the surgical repair of coarctation of the aorta, a narrowing of the aorta, and the expected outcomes for children.
    • Educate families about Kawasaki disease, its symptoms, and the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment.
    • Provide post-operative education for children who have undergone surgery for Tetralogy of Fallot, a complex heart defect, emphasizing long-term management and potential complications.
    • Understand the signs and symptoms of heart failure in children, and the importance of closely monitoring for digoxin overdose (e.g., bradycardia, vomiting).
    • Explain the role of echocardiograms (ECHO) in diagnosing and monitoring endocarditis, an infection of the heart's inner lining.

    Mental Health

    • Recognize the signs and symptoms of anxiety in children and adolescents.
    • Provide psychosocial support and resources to children and families dealing with various challenges, considering age-appropriate interventions.
    • Educate families about Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), its symptoms, and appropriate management approaches (e.g., medication, behavioral therapy).

    Dermatology

    • Educate families about head lice (pediculosis capitis), its transmission, treatment options (e.g., medicated shampoos, combing), and prevention strategies.
    • Recognize the signs and symptoms of Lyme disease, a tick-borne illness, and understand the importance of prompt treatment.

    Hematology

    • Understand the causes of sickle cell crisis, a painful complication of sickle cell disease, and the importance of prompt medical intervention.
    • Educate families about the administration of oral iron supplements, emphasizing the importance of correct dosage and strategies to prevent gastrointestinal side effects.

    Endocrine

    • Educate families about precocious (early) puberty, its causes, and potential interventions (e.g., hormone therapy).
    • Understand the normal range for menarche (first menstruation) and provide age-appropriate guidance for girls entering puberty.
    • Recognize the importance of addressing testicular pain promptly, as it could signal a potential testicular torsion.
    • Educate families about type 1 diabetes, its management (e.g., insulin therapy, blood glucose monitoring), and potential complications.
    • Understand the importance of insulin administration in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), a life-threatening complication of diabetes.
    • Monitor lab results for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) to evaluate children with hypothyroidism, and understand the importance of adequate thyroid hormone replacement therapy.
    • Recognize the signs and symptoms of Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH), a condition involving excessive ADH secretion, and understand appropriate interventions.
    • Assess children with hypoparathyroidism for signs of hypocalcemia (e.g., muscle cramps, tetany) and understand the importance of calcium supplementation.

    Neurology

    • Conduct comprehensive assessments of children suspected of having autism, considering developmental milestones, social interaction, and communication skills.
    • Recognize Tay-Sachs disease, a rare genetic disorder, its symptoms, and the importance of early diagnosis and genetic counseling.
    • Prioritize interventions for children with meningitis, including prompt antibiotic therapy, isolation precautions, and monitoring for complications.
    • Implement appropriate interventions for near-drowning events, focusing on airway management, ventilation, and supportive care.
    • Educate families about ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts, their function, and potential complications (e.g., infection, blockage).
    • Recognize the signs and symptoms of increased intracranial pressure (ICP) in children, and understand the importance of prompt evaluation and intervention.

    Unspecified Category

    • Utilize appropriate triage skills to prioritize the care of children with acute illnesses or injuries.
    • Implement family-centered care in trauma and emergency situations, ensuring that families are informed, supported, and involved in the care process.

    Dosage Calculation

    • IV rates are measured in mL/hr
    • PO medications are often measured in mg/mL and often rely on weight-based dosing

    Growth and Development/Assessment

    • Erikson stages describe psychosocial development across the lifespan
    • Auscultation sites for heart and lungs should be known for children of all ages
    • Basic infant milestones should be understood for developmental screening
    • The Thorax Assessment should include shape, symmetry, and respiratory effort

    Fluid and Electrolytes

    • Interventions for hypokalemia include monitoring potassium levels, replacing potassium, and adjusting medication dosages

    Pain/Procedures

    • Pain interventions and assessment techniques are age-specific, with special considerations for infants
    • Pre-procedure support for school-aged children includes pre-procedural teaching and emotional support

    Pediatric Infection

    • Conjunctivitis teaching includes hygiene practices, proper medication administration, and identifying signs of complications
    • Varicella vaccine education should explain the benefits of vaccination, timing of the vaccine series, and potential side effects
    • Immunization teaching should address the schedule, benefits, and risks of various vaccinations

    Respiratory

    • Otitis Media teaching should address causes, symptoms, treatments, and preventative measures
    • Albuterol is a common treatment for asthma, hyperventilation can be a sign of potential respiratory distress
    • Signs and symptoms of RSV respiratory distress include: increased respiratory rate, wheezing, retractions, and cyanosis
    • Near-drowning interventions include CPR, airway management, and supportive care
    • Acute epiglottitis assessment involves airway observation, monitoring for stridor, and avoiding triggering examinations
    • Croup interventions include humidified oxygen, nebulized epinephrine, and monitoring for respiratory distress

    Safety/Parenting

    • Safe sleep practices for SIDS include placing infants on their backs, in a crib, without loose bedding
    • Infant milestones should be monitored to ensure developmental progress is on track
    • Toddler nutrition education should focus on age-appropriate choices, portion control, and healthy eating habits
    • Limit setting involves consistent consequences and clear expectations to guide child behavior

    Cancer

    • Leukemia teaching should include information on treatment options, side effects, and long-term care
    • Wilms tumor preop considerations include maintaining hydration, protecting the tumor mass, and preparing for potential complications
    • Osteosarcoma is a bone cancer affecting primarily children and adolescents, understanding the pathology helps with treatment planning
    • Transfusion reactions, including fever, often require prompt treatment and monitoring

    Musculoskeletal

    • Traction care involves maintaining alignment, ensuring weight is properly distributed, managing pain, and preventing complications
    • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis pain management includes medication, physical therapy, heat therapy, and patient education
    • Club foot teaching should focus on long-term management, bracing, casting, and surgical options

    Gastrointestinal

    • Appendicitis assessment includes abdominal pain, fever, nausea, and vomiting, interventions involve immediate surgical consultation
    • Newborn infants not passing meconium require investigation and possible interventions to address bowel obstruction
    • Pyloric stenosis requires monitoring for dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and feeding difficulties
    • Weight management for school-aged children involves education about healthy eating habits, exercise, and potential interventions
    • Celiac disease dietary restrictions exclude gluten-containing foods, teaching should focus on identifying and avoiding these products
    • Biliary atresia is a life-threatening condition requiring surgical intervention

    Genitourinary

    • Chronic kidney disease teaching should focus on management, diet, medication, and potential complications
    • Nephrotic syndrome IV Albumin administration helps with fluid retention and symptom management
    • Hypospadias repair involves surgical correction of the abnormal urethral opening, education should address the procedure and potential outcomes
    • Exstrophy of the bladder preop considerations include urinary diversion and potential complications
    • Inguinal hernia education should explain the condition, risk factors, and potential surgical treatment
    • UTI interventions include antibiotic therapy, hydration, and pain management
    • Enuresis interventions include behavior modifications, medication, and potential psychological support

    Cardiovascular

    • Rheumatic fever is caused by Group A streptococcus infection, education includes preventative measures and long-term management
    • Ventricular Septal Defect repair can involve surgery or catheter-based interventions, pre/post-op teaching should address potential complications
    • Coarctation of the Aorta repair usually involves surgical intervention, education includes pre/post-op details, and long-term management
    • Kawasaki disease teaching should focus on diagnosis, treatment with IV Immunoglobulin, and potential complications
    • Tetralogy of Fallot post-op education includes monitoring for complications, recognizing signs of heart failure, and providing emotional support
    • Heart failure digoxin dosing requires careful monitoring due to potential overdosing, education should provide guidance on dosage, side effects, and potential complications
    • Endocarditis is diagnosed by the echo, education focuses on understanding the condition, treatments, and potential complications

    Mental Health

    • Anxiety should be addressed with age-appropriate support and interventions
    • Psychosocial support for different age groups should address the unique challenges and concerns of each age group
    • ADHD education should include information about the condition, management techniques, and support for the child and family

    Dermatology

    • Head lice education includes identification, treatment, prevention, and control measures
    • Lyme disease assessment involves recognizing the characteristic rash, identifying potential exposure, and obtaining a medical history

    Hematology

    • Sickle cell crisis management includes pain relief, hydration, oxygen therapy, and potential blood transfusions
    • PO iron administration education should include dosage, timing, and potential side effects

    Endocrine

    • Precocious puberty development education focuses on understanding the condition, causes, potential treatments, and long-term implications
    • Menarche education should address the normal range of ages for onset, provide information about menstruation, and offer advice on hygiene
    • Testicular pain action steps include seeking immediate medical attention, potentially involving a physical exam and ultrasound
    • Diabetes interventions include insulin administration, blood glucose monitoring, diet management, regular exercise, and education
    • Diabetic ketoacidosis insulin administration requires careful monitoring due to the potential for complications
    • Hypothyroidism lab monitoring includes TSH levels, T4 levels, and monitoring for potential complications
    • SIADH interventions focus on managing fluid restriction, medication, and potential complications
    • Hypoparathyroidism assessment involves monitoring calcium levels, potential complications, and management strategies

    Neurology

    • Autism assessment considerations include evaluating developmental milestones, social interaction, communication, and potential behavioral complexities
    • Tay-Sachs Disease assessment includes recognizing developmental delays, physical abnormalities, and potential complications
    • Meningitis interventions prioritize airway management, antibiotics, and isolation
    • Near-drowning interventions involve airway management, CPR, and supportive care
    • VP shunts interventions include monitoring for complications, managing shunt malfunction, and providing education
    • ICP assessment involves monitoring vital signs, neurological status, and potential complications

    Unspecified Category

    • Triaging acute illness involves assessing urgency, prioritizing care, and coordinating appropriate resources
    • Family-centered care during trauma/emergency situations involves supporting the family's emotional needs, providing clear communication, and ensuring their involvement in the care process

    Dosage Calculation

    • IV rates are calculated in mL/hr
    • PO dosages are calculated in mg/mL and are often weight-based

    Growth and Development/Assessment

    • Erikson's stages of psychosocial development are used to understand a child's emotional growth
    • Auscultation sites for heart and lung sounds vary by age
    • Infant milestones are used to assess normal development
    • Thorax assessment includes inspection, palpation, percussion, and auscultation

    Fluid and Electrolytes

    • Hypokalemia is a low potassium level in the blood
    • Interventions for hypokalemia include dietary potassium, potassium supplements, and monitoring of potassium levels

    Pain/Procedures

    • Non-pharmacological interventions for infant pain include swaddling, sucking, and distraction
    • Pre-procedure support for school-aged children should include education about the procedure and providing opportunities for control

    Pediatric Infection

    • Conjunctivitis is inflammation of the conjunctiva and teaching should include hand hygiene and avoiding touching the eyes
    • Varicella (chickenpox) is a highly contagious viral disease that has a vaccine to prevent it
    • Immunization teaching includes information about the vaccine, potential side effects, and scheduling

    Respiratory

    • Otitis media is an ear infection and education should include the importance of vaccinations, pain management, and proper use of medication
    • Albuterol is a bronchodilator used to treat asthma, be aware of hyperventilation concerns
    • Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) can cause respiratory distress in infants and young children, monitor for symptoms like rapid breathing, wheezing, and retractions
    • Near-drowning interventions include airway management, ventilation, and CPR
    • Acute epiglottitis is a serious infection of the epiglottis, monitor for airway obstruction and ensure emergency services are called
    • Croup is a viral infection that causes inflammation of the larynx and trachea, interventions may include cool mist humidifiers and corticosteroid

    Safety/Parenting

    • Safe sleep practices for infants include sleeping on their back, on a firm surface, and without loose bedding
    • Infant milestones include rolling over, sitting up, crawling, and taking their first steps
    • Toddler nutrition should focus on healthy foods and avoiding excessive sugars and processed foods
    • Limit setting for toddlers is important for developing self-control and boundaries

    Cancer

    • Leukemia is a type of blood cancer and teaching should include information about the disease, treatment, and side effects
    • Wilms tumor is a type of kidney cancer, pre-operative considerations include assessing the tumor size and staging
    • Osteosarcoma is a bone cancer that can cause pain, swelling, and limited movement
    • Transfusion reactions can be serious and include fever as a possible symptom

    Musculoskeletal

    • Traction care requires careful monitoring and includes skin integrity, pin site care, and weights
    • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a chronic inflammatory condition causing pain and joint swelling, pain management includes medication and physical therapy
    • Club foot is a condition where the foot is turned inward and teaching should include information about casting, surgery, and physical therapy

    Gastrointestinal

    • Appendicitis is an inflammation of the appendix and assessment includes pain in the lower right abdomen, nausea, vomiting, and fever
    • Newborn babies should pass meconium within the first 24 hours of life
    • Pyloric stenosis is a narrowing of the pyloric sphincter and monitoring includes weight gain, hydration, and vomiting
    • Weight management for school-aged children includes healthy eating habits and regular exercise
    • Celiac disease is a digestive disorder triggered by gluten and requires a gluten-free diet
    • Biliary atresia is a blockage of the bile ducts and requires surgery

    Genitourinary

    • Chronic kidney disease is a progressive decline in kidney function and teaching includes information about diet, medication, and dialysis
    • Nephrotic syndrome is a condition that causes swelling and protein loss in the urine, IV albumin is used to help increase protein levels in the blood
    • Hypospadias is a condition where the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the penis and requires surgical repair
    • Exstrophy of the bladder is a condition where the bladder is exposed, pre-operative considerations include protecting the exposed bladder
    • Inguinal hernia is a bulge in the groin area and education should include information about the cause, symptoms, and treatment options
    • UTI is a urinary tract infection and interventions include antibiotics, hydration, and pain management
    • Enuresis is bedwetting and interventions may include behavioral strategies, medication, and alarm systems

    Cardiovascular

    • Rheumatic fever is a complication of strep throat that can damage the heart valves
    • Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) is a hole in the wall between the two ventricles of the heart and repair includes surgery, pre-operative teaching includes information about the procedure and post-operative teaching includes information about recovery and follow-up care
    • Coarctation of the aorta is a narrowing of the aorta and often requires surgery
    • Kawasaki disease is an inflammatory condition that can affect the heart and teaching includes information about the disease, symptoms, and treatment options
    • Tetralogy of Fallot is a complex heart defect and post-operative education includes information about recovery, medication, and follow-up care
    • Heart failure is a condition where the heart is not pumping efficiently and digoxin is a medication used to help improve heart function, be aware of digoxin overdose symptoms
    • Endocarditis is an infection of the inner lining of the heart and echocardiogram (ECHO) is used to diagnose the condition

    Mental Health

    • Anxiety is a common mental health condition and can manifest in different ways in children
    • Psychosocial support for different age groups is important to help children cope with stress and build healthy coping mechanisms
    • ADHD is a neurodevelopmental disorder that can affect attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, education should include information about the disorder, treatment options, and support groups

    Dermatology

    • Head lice are parasites that infest the hair and education should include information about treatment, prevention, and how to clean and disinfect items
    • Lyme disease is a tick-borne illness and the assessment includes evaluating for a rash and fever along with other symptoms

    Hematology

    • Sickle cell disease is a genetic blood disorder that can cause a sickle cell crisis which is a painful episode where red blood cells block blood flow
    • PO iron administration should include taking the iron with orange juice or vitamin C to enhance absorption

    Endocrine

    • Precocious (early) puberty development is when puberty starts earlier than expected and education should include talking to the child's doctor for evaluation and treatment
    • Menarche is the first menstrual period and the normal age range varies but starts around 10-15 years old
    • Testicular pain should be assessed by a doctor immediately to rule out serious conditions
    • Diabetes is a chronic condition where the body cannot regulate blood sugar and interventions include insulin therapy, diet, and exercise
    • Diabetic Ketoacidosis is a serious complication of diabetes, insulin administration is required, along with fluids and electrolytes
    • Hypothyroidism is a condition where the thyroid gland does not produce enough thyroid hormone and lab monitoring is required
    • SIADH is a condition where the body retains too much water and interventions include medication, fluid restrictions, and monitoring of sodium levels
    • Hypoparathyroidism is a condition where the parathyroid glands do not produce enough parathyroid hormone and assessment is required to monitor for symptoms of low calcium levels

    Neurology

    • Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects social interaction, communication, and behavior and assessment needs to be comprehensive including observation of behaviors and communication skills
    • Tay-Sachs disease is a rare genetic disorder that causes progressive damage to the nervous system, assessment may include developmental delays, seizures, and vision loss
    • Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, interventions include antibiotics, antiviral medication, and monitoring of vital signs, prioritize airway management, breathing, and circulation (ABCs)
    • Near-drowning interventions include airway management, ventilation, and CPR
    • VP shunts are used to drain excess cerebrospinal fluid and interventions include monitoring for signs of shunt malfunction such as headaches, vomiting, fever, and changes in behavior
    • ICP (intracranial pressure) assessment includes monitoring for changes in level of consciousness, seizures, and headaches

    Unspecified Category

    • Triaging acute illness involves assessing the severity of the illness and prioritizing care based on the potential for life-threatening conditions
    • Family-centered care during trauma or emergency is critical to provide support, communication, and involvement of the family in the child's care

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on pediatric nursing, focusing on dosage calculations, growth and development, fluid and electrolytes, and pain assessment in infants. This quiz covers essential concepts for effective nursing care in children.

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