Nursing Process and Clinical Decision Making

Nursing Models and Theories

• The nursing process is a model for clinical decision making, including assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
• The American Nurses Association (ANA) developed the Standards of Nursing Practice, which outline the responsibilities of nurses in providing patient care.

Advance Practice Roles

• A Nurse Practitioner (NP) is an Advance Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) who provides primary, acute, and specialty health care to patients of all ages.

Nursing History

• Florence Nightingale established the first nursing philosophy, emphasizing health maintenance and restoration, and developed the first organized program for training nurses.
• Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.
• Dorothea Dix organized hospitals during the Civil War era.
• Harriet Tubman helped over 300 slaves escape through the Underground Railroad.

Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)

• QSEN aims to prepare future nurses to have the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to improve the quality and safety of health care systems.
• The six competencies of QSEN are:
  • Patient-centered care
  • Teamwork and collaboration
  • Evidence-based practice
  • Quality improvement
  • Safety
  • Informatics

Levels of Healthcare Delivery

• The six levels of care in the US healthcare system are:
  • Preventive care
  • Primary care
  • Secondary care
  • Tertiary care
  • Restorative care
  • Continuing care
• Tertiary care is highly specialized, such as intensive care, inpatient psychiatric facilities, and specialty care.
• Palliative care is a holistic, patient- and family-centered care approach that aims to improve the quality of life of patients with life-threatening illnesses.

Prevention and Risk Factors

• The three levels of prevention are:
  • Primary prevention (health promotion and disease prevention)
  • Secondary prevention (early diagnosis and treatment)
  • Tertiary prevention (managing chronic illnesses and preventing complications)
• Modifiable risk factors include lifestyle practices and behaviors, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy diet, obesity, physical inactivity, and insufficient rest and sleep.
• Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, gender, genetics, and family history.

Patient Education and Healthcare Laws

• The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) prohibits the transfer of patients from private to public hospitals without appropriate screening and stabilization.

• The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides rights to patients and protects employees, including standards regarding accountability and patient privacy.### HIPAA and Patient Rights

• HIPAA establishes a patient's right to consent to the use and disclosure of protected health information (PHI), inspect and copy their medical record, and amend mistaken or incomplete information.

• It limits who can access a patient's record and establishes the basis for privacy and confidentiality concerns.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

• The ADA is a civil rights statute that protects the rights of people with physical or mental disabilities.
• It prohibits discrimination and ensures equal opportunities for people with disabilities in employment, state and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation.
• The ADA defines a disability as a mental or physical condition that substantially limits a major life activity.

Patient Self-Determination Act

• The Patient Self-Determination Act requires health care institutions to provide written information to patients concerning their rights to make decisions about their care, including the right to refuse treatment and formulate an advance directive.
• An advance directive is a document that instructs others to perform tasks before, during, and after a patient's death.
• A patient's record must indicate whether they have signed an advance directive and include a copy of the directive if available.

Nurse Practice Act

• Nurse practice acts are state laws that protect citizens, make nurses accountable, and ensure that care is consistent with best practices within the scope and standards of nursing.
• These laws create a state board of nursing that regulates and disseminates information related to nursing practice.
• The state board licenses all RNs in the state in which they practice, and licensure permits people to offer special skills to the public while providing legal guidelines for protection of the public.

Healthcare Acts

• Healthcare acts require healthcare providers to obtain informed consent from patients before performing a procedure or treatment.
• The person responsible for performing the procedure is responsible for obtaining the informed consent.
• Patients must receive an explanation of the procedure, the names and qualifications of people performing and assisting in the procedure, and the risks and benefits of the procedure.

Good Samaritan Law

• Good Samaritan laws limit liability and offer legal immunity if a nurse helps at the scene of an accident.
• These laws encourage healthcare professionals to assist in emergencies.

Malpractice

• Malpractice is a type of negligence that occurs when a healthcare professional fails to meet the standard of care.
• To establish nursing malpractice, four criteria must be met: the nurse owed a duty of care to the patient, the nurse breached that duty, the patient was injured as a result of the breach, and damages or remedies are allowed under state law.

Risk Management Performance and Quality Improvement

• Risk management, performance improvement, and quality improvement programs help to reduce a nurse's legal risk for malpractice and negligence by identifying potential hazards and eliminating them before harm occurs.

Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of Dying

• The five stages of dying are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
• These stages are a natural response to a loss or diagnosis.

Task-Oriented Touch

• Task-oriented touch is used when performing a task or procedure, such as inserting an IV.
• This type of touch conveys security and competence.

Interprofessional Rounding

• Interprofessional rounding involves members of the healthcare team meeting to discuss patient information, answer questions, and plan care.
• This type of rounding improves decision making, nurse job satisfaction, and quality of care.

Interprofessional Collaboration

• Interprofessional collaboration involves bringing various disciplines together to work with patients and families to deliver quality care.
• The nurse plays a unique role in this collaboration, often taking on the responsibility of coordinating communication and patient care.

Evidence-Based Practice

• Evidence-based practice guides nurses' clinical judgments in making effective, timely, and appropriate clinical decisions.
• It involves using the best available evidence to inform practice, including research, clinical expertise, and patient values.

Meta-analysis of Randomized Control Trials

• A meta-analysis is a type of research that combines the results of multiple studies to show the effect of an intervention on an outcome.
• This type of research is considered the highest level of evidence and is used to inform practice decisions.

Nursing Models and Theories

• The nursing process is a model for clinical decision making, including assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
• The American Nurses Association (ANA) developed the Standards of Nursing Practice, which outline the responsibilities of nurses in providing patient care.

Advance Practice Roles

• A Nurse Practitioner (NP) is an Advance Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) who provides primary, acute, and specialty health care to patients of all ages.

Nursing History

• Florence Nightingale established the first nursing philosophy, emphasizing health maintenance and restoration, and developed the first organized program for training nurses.
• Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.
• Dorothea Dix organized hospitals during the Civil War era.
• Harriet Tubman helped over 300 slaves escape through the Underground Railroad.

Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)

• QSEN aims to prepare future nurses to have the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to improve the quality and safety of health care systems.
• The six competencies of QSEN are:
  • Patient-centered care
  • Teamwork and collaboration
  • Evidence-based practice
  • Quality improvement
  • Safety
  • Informatics

Levels of Healthcare Delivery

• The six levels of care in the US healthcare system are:
  • Preventive care
  • Primary care
  • Secondary care
  • Tertiary care
  • Restorative care
  • Continuing care
• Tertiary care is highly specialized, such as intensive care, inpatient psychiatric facilities, and specialty care.
• Palliative care is a holistic, patient- and family-centered care approach that aims to improve the quality of life of patients with life-threatening illnesses.

Prevention and Risk Factors

• The three levels of prevention are:
  • Primary prevention (health promotion and disease prevention)
  • Secondary prevention (early diagnosis and treatment)
  • Tertiary prevention (managing chronic illnesses and preventing complications)
• Modifiable risk factors include lifestyle practices and behaviors, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy diet, obesity, physical inactivity, and insufficient rest and sleep.
• Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, gender, genetics, and family history.

Patient Education and Healthcare Laws

• The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) prohibits the transfer of patients from private to public hospitals without appropriate screening and stabilization.

• The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides rights to patients and protects employees, including standards regarding accountability and patient privacy.### HIPAA and Patient Rights

• HIPAA establishes a patient's right to consent to the use and disclosure of protected health information (PHI), inspect and copy their medical record, and amend mistaken or incomplete information.

• It limits who can access a patient's record and establishes the basis for privacy and confidentiality concerns.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

• The ADA is a civil rights statute that protects the rights of people with physical or mental disabilities.
• It prohibits discrimination and ensures equal opportunities for people with disabilities in employment, state and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation.
• The ADA defines a disability as a mental or physical condition that substantially limits a major life activity.

Patient Self-Determination Act

• The Patient Self-Determination Act requires health care institutions to provide written information to patients concerning their rights to make decisions about their care, including the right to refuse treatment and formulate an advance directive.
• An advance directive is a document that instructs others to perform tasks before, during, and after a patient's death.
• A patient's record must indicate whether they have signed an advance directive and include a copy of the directive if available.

Nurse Practice Act

• Nurse practice acts are state laws that protect citizens, make nurses accountable, and ensure that care is consistent with best practices within the scope and standards of nursing.
• These laws create a state board of nursing that regulates and disseminates information related to nursing practice.
• The state board licenses all RNs in the state in which they practice, and licensure permits people to offer special skills to the public while providing legal guidelines for protection of the public.

Healthcare Acts

• Healthcare acts require healthcare providers to obtain informed consent from patients before performing a procedure or treatment.
• The person responsible for performing the procedure is responsible for obtaining the informed consent.
• Patients must receive an explanation of the procedure, the names and qualifications of people performing and assisting in the procedure, and the risks and benefits of the procedure.

Good Samaritan Law

• Good Samaritan laws limit liability and offer legal immunity if a nurse helps at the scene of an accident.
• These laws encourage healthcare professionals to assist in emergencies.

Malpractice

• Malpractice is a type of negligence that occurs when a healthcare professional fails to meet the standard of care.
• To establish nursing malpractice, four criteria must be met: the nurse owed a duty of care to the patient, the nurse breached that duty, the patient was injured as a result of the breach, and damages or remedies are allowed under state law.

Risk Management Performance and Quality Improvement

• Risk management, performance improvement, and quality improvement programs help to reduce a nurse's legal risk for malpractice and negligence by identifying potential hazards and eliminating them before harm occurs.

Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of Dying

• The five stages of dying are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
• These stages are a natural response to a loss or diagnosis.

Task-Oriented Touch

• Task-oriented touch is used when performing a task or procedure, such as inserting an IV.
• This type of touch conveys security and competence.

Interprofessional Rounding

• Interprofessional rounding involves members of the healthcare team meeting to discuss patient information, answer questions, and plan care.
• This type of rounding improves decision making, nurse job satisfaction, and quality of care.

Interprofessional Collaboration

• Interprofessional collaboration involves bringing various disciplines together to work with patients and families to deliver quality care.
• The nurse plays a unique role in this collaboration, often taking on the responsibility of coordinating communication and patient care.

Evidence-Based Practice

• Evidence-based practice guides nurses' clinical judgments in making effective, timely, and appropriate clinical decisions.
• It involves using the best available evidence to inform practice, including research, clinical expertise, and patient values.

Meta-analysis of Randomized Control Trials

• A meta-analysis is a type of research that combines the results of multiple studies to show the effect of an intervention on an outcome.
• This type of research is considered the highest level of evidence and is used to inform practice decisions.

Nursing Models and Theories

• The nursing process is a model for clinical decision making, including assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
• The American Nurses Association (ANA) developed the Standards of Nursing Practice, which outline the responsibilities of nurses in providing patient care.

Advance Practice Roles

• A Nurse Practitioner (NP) is an Advance Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) who provides primary, acute, and specialty health care to patients of all ages.

Nursing History

• Florence Nightingale established the first nursing philosophy, emphasizing health maintenance and restoration, and developed the first organized program for training nurses.
• Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.
• Dorothea Dix organized hospitals during the Civil War era.
• Harriet Tubman helped over 300 slaves escape through the Underground Railroad.

Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)

• QSEN aims to prepare future nurses to have the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to improve the quality and safety of health care systems.
• The six competencies of QSEN are:
  • Patient-centered care
  • Teamwork and collaboration
  • Evidence-based practice
  • Quality improvement
  • Safety
  • Informatics

Levels of Healthcare Delivery

• The six levels of care in the US healthcare system are:
  • Preventive care
  • Primary care
  • Secondary care
  • Tertiary care
  • Restorative care
  • Continuing care
• Tertiary care is highly specialized, such as intensive care, inpatient psychiatric facilities, and specialty care.
• Palliative care is a holistic, patient- and family-centered care approach that aims to improve the quality of life of patients with life-threatening illnesses.

Prevention and Risk Factors

• The three levels of prevention are:
  • Primary prevention (health promotion and disease prevention)
  • Secondary prevention (early diagnosis and treatment)
  • Tertiary prevention (managing chronic illnesses and preventing complications)
• Modifiable risk factors include lifestyle practices and behaviors, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy diet, obesity, physical inactivity, and insufficient rest and sleep.
• Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, gender, genetics, and family history.

Patient Education and Healthcare Laws

• The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) prohibits the transfer of patients from private to public hospitals without appropriate screening and stabilization.

• The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides rights to patients and protects employees, including standards regarding accountability and patient privacy.### HIPAA and Patient Rights

• HIPAA establishes a patient's right to consent to the use and disclosure of protected health information (PHI), inspect and copy their medical record, and amend mistaken or incomplete information.

• It limits who can access a patient's record and establishes the basis for privacy and confidentiality concerns.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

• The ADA is a civil rights statute that protects the rights of people with physical or mental disabilities.
• It prohibits discrimination and ensures equal opportunities for people with disabilities in employment, state and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation.
• The ADA defines a disability as a mental or physical condition that substantially limits a major life activity.

Patient Self-Determination Act

• The Patient Self-Determination Act requires health care institutions to provide written information to patients concerning their rights to make decisions about their care, including the right to refuse treatment and formulate an advance directive.
• An advance directive is a document that instructs others to perform tasks before, during, and after a patient's death.
• A patient's record must indicate whether they have signed an advance directive and include a copy of the directive if available.

Nurse Practice Act

• Nurse practice acts are state laws that protect citizens, make nurses accountable, and ensure that care is consistent with best practices within the scope and standards of nursing.
• These laws create a state board of nursing that regulates and disseminates information related to nursing practice.
• The state board licenses all RNs in the state in which they practice, and licensure permits people to offer special skills to the public while providing legal guidelines for protection of the public.

Healthcare Acts

• Healthcare acts require healthcare providers to obtain informed consent from patients before performing a procedure or treatment.
• The person responsible for performing the procedure is responsible for obtaining the informed consent.
• Patients must receive an explanation of the procedure, the names and qualifications of people performing and assisting in the procedure, and the risks and benefits of the procedure.

Good Samaritan Law

• Good Samaritan laws limit liability and offer legal immunity if a nurse helps at the scene of an accident.
• These laws encourage healthcare professionals to assist in emergencies.

Malpractice

• Malpractice is a type of negligence that occurs when a healthcare professional fails to meet the standard of care.
• To establish nursing malpractice, four criteria must be met: the nurse owed a duty of care to the patient, the nurse breached that duty, the patient was injured as a result of the breach, and damages or remedies are allowed under state law.

Risk Management Performance and Quality Improvement

• Risk management, performance improvement, and quality improvement programs help to reduce a nurse's legal risk for malpractice and negligence by identifying potential hazards and eliminating them before harm occurs.

Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of Dying

• The five stages of dying are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
• These stages are a natural response to a loss or diagnosis.

Task-Oriented Touch

• Task-oriented touch is used when performing a task or procedure, such as inserting an IV.
• This type of touch conveys security and competence.

Interprofessional Rounding

• Interprofessional rounding involves members of the healthcare team meeting to discuss patient information, answer questions, and plan care.
• This type of rounding improves decision making, nurse job satisfaction, and quality of care.

Interprofessional Collaboration

• Interprofessional collaboration involves bringing various disciplines together to work with patients and families to deliver quality care.
• The nurse plays a unique role in this collaboration, often taking on the responsibility of coordinating communication and patient care.

Evidence-Based Practice

• Evidence-based practice guides nurses' clinical judgments in making effective, timely, and appropriate clinical decisions.
• It involves using the best available evidence to inform practice, including research, clinical expertise, and patient values.

Meta-analysis of Randomized Control Trials

• A meta-analysis is a type of research that combines the results of multiple studies to show the effect of an intervention on an outcome.
• This type of research is considered the highest level of evidence and is used to inform practice decisions.

Nursing Models and Theories

• The nursing process is a model for clinical decision making, including assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
• The American Nurses Association (ANA) developed the Standards of Nursing Practice, which outline the responsibilities of nurses in providing patient care.

Advance Practice Roles

• A Nurse Practitioner (NP) is an Advance Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) who provides primary, acute, and specialty health care to patients of all ages.

Nursing History

• Florence Nightingale established the first nursing philosophy, emphasizing health maintenance and restoration, and developed the first organized program for training nurses.
• Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.
• Dorothea Dix organized hospitals during the Civil War era.
• Harriet Tubman helped over 300 slaves escape through the Underground Railroad.

Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)

• QSEN aims to prepare future nurses to have the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to improve the quality and safety of health care systems.
• The six competencies of QSEN are:
  • Patient-centered care
  • Teamwork and collaboration
  • Evidence-based practice
  • Quality improvement
  • Safety
  • Informatics

Levels of Healthcare Delivery

• The six levels of care in the US healthcare system are:
  • Preventive care
  • Primary care
  • Secondary care
  • Tertiary care
  • Restorative care
  • Continuing care
• Tertiary care is highly specialized, such as intensive care, inpatient psychiatric facilities, and specialty care.
• Palliative care is a holistic, patient- and family-centered care approach that aims to improve the quality of life of patients with life-threatening illnesses.

Prevention and Risk Factors

• The three levels of prevention are:
  • Primary prevention (health promotion and disease prevention)
  • Secondary prevention (early diagnosis and treatment)
  • Tertiary prevention (managing chronic illnesses and preventing complications)
• Modifiable risk factors include lifestyle practices and behaviors, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy diet, obesity, physical inactivity, and insufficient rest and sleep.
• Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, gender, genetics, and family history.

Patient Education and Healthcare Laws

• The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) prohibits the transfer of patients from private to public hospitals without appropriate screening and stabilization.

• The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides rights to patients and protects employees, including standards regarding accountability and patient privacy.### HIPAA and Patient Rights

• HIPAA establishes a patient's right to consent to the use and disclosure of protected health information (PHI), inspect and copy their medical record, and amend mistaken or incomplete information.

• It limits who can access a patient's record and establishes the basis for privacy and confidentiality concerns.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

• The ADA is a civil rights statute that protects the rights of people with physical or mental disabilities.
• It prohibits discrimination and ensures equal opportunities for people with disabilities in employment, state and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation.
• The ADA defines a disability as a mental or physical condition that substantially limits a major life activity.

Patient Self-Determination Act

• The Patient Self-Determination Act requires health care institutions to provide written information to patients concerning their rights to make decisions about their care, including the right to refuse treatment and formulate an advance directive.
• An advance directive is a document that instructs others to perform tasks before, during, and after a patient's death.
• A patient's record must indicate whether they have signed an advance directive and include a copy of the directive if available.

Nurse Practice Act

• Nurse practice acts are state laws that protect citizens, make nurses accountable, and ensure that care is consistent with best practices within the scope and standards of nursing.
• These laws create a state board of nursing that regulates and disseminates information related to nursing practice.
• The state board licenses all RNs in the state in which they practice, and licensure permits people to offer special skills to the public while providing legal guidelines for protection of the public.

Healthcare Acts

• Healthcare acts require healthcare providers to obtain informed consent from patients before performing a procedure or treatment.
• The person responsible for performing the procedure is responsible for obtaining the informed consent.
• Patients must receive an explanation of the procedure, the names and qualifications of people performing and assisting in the procedure, and the risks and benefits of the procedure.

Good Samaritan Law

• Good Samaritan laws limit liability and offer legal immunity if a nurse helps at the scene of an accident.
• These laws encourage healthcare professionals to assist in emergencies.

Malpractice

• Malpractice is a type of negligence that occurs when a healthcare professional fails to meet the standard of care.
• To establish nursing malpractice, four criteria must be met: the nurse owed a duty of care to the patient, the nurse breached that duty, the patient was injured as a result of the breach, and damages or remedies are allowed under state law.

Risk Management Performance and Quality Improvement

• Risk management, performance improvement, and quality improvement programs help to reduce a nurse's legal risk for malpractice and negligence by identifying potential hazards and eliminating them before harm occurs.

Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of Dying

• The five stages of dying are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
• These stages are a natural response to a loss or diagnosis.

Task-Oriented Touch

• Task-oriented touch is used when performing a task or procedure, such as inserting an IV.
• This type of touch conveys security and competence.

Interprofessional Rounding

• Interprofessional rounding involves members of the healthcare team meeting to discuss patient information, answer questions, and plan care.
• This type of rounding improves decision making, nurse job satisfaction, and quality of care.

Interprofessional Collaboration

• Interprofessional collaboration involves bringing various disciplines together to work with patients and families to deliver quality care.
• The nurse plays a unique role in this collaboration, often taking on the responsibility of coordinating communication and patient care.

Evidence-Based Practice

• Evidence-based practice guides nurses' clinical judgments in making effective, timely, and appropriate clinical decisions.
• It involves using the best available evidence to inform practice, including research, clinical expertise, and patient values.

Meta-analysis of Randomized Control Trials

• A meta-analysis is a type of research that combines the results of multiple studies to show the effect of an intervention on an outcome.
• This type of research is considered the highest level of evidence and is used to inform practice decisions.

Nursing Models and Theories

• The nursing process is a model for clinical decision making, including assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
• The American Nurses Association (ANA) developed the Standards of Nursing Practice, which outline the responsibilities of nurses in providing patient care.

Advance Practice Roles

• A Nurse Practitioner (NP) is an Advance Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) who provides primary, acute, and specialty health care to patients of all ages.

Nursing History

• Florence Nightingale established the first nursing philosophy, emphasizing health maintenance and restoration, and developed the first organized program for training nurses.
• Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.
• Dorothea Dix organized hospitals during the Civil War era.
• Harriet Tubman helped over 300 slaves escape through the Underground Railroad.

Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)

• QSEN aims to prepare future nurses to have the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to improve the quality and safety of health care systems.
• The six competencies of QSEN are:
  • Patient-centered care
  • Teamwork and collaboration
  • Evidence-based practice
  • Quality improvement
  • Safety
  • Informatics

Levels of Healthcare Delivery

• The six levels of care in the US healthcare system are:
  • Preventive care
  • Primary care
  • Secondary care
  • Tertiary care
  • Restorative care
  • Continuing care
• Tertiary care is highly specialized, such as intensive care, inpatient psychiatric facilities, and specialty care.
• Palliative care is a holistic, patient- and family-centered care approach that aims to improve the quality of life of patients with life-threatening illnesses.

Prevention and Risk Factors

• The three levels of prevention are:
  • Primary prevention (health promotion and disease prevention)
  • Secondary prevention (early diagnosis and treatment)
  • Tertiary prevention (managing chronic illnesses and preventing complications)
• Modifiable risk factors include lifestyle practices and behaviors, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy diet, obesity, physical inactivity, and insufficient rest and sleep.
• Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, gender, genetics, and family history.

Patient Education and Healthcare Laws

• The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) prohibits the transfer of patients from private to public hospitals without appropriate screening and stabilization.

• The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides rights to patients and protects employees, including standards regarding accountability and patient privacy.### HIPAA and Patient Rights

• HIPAA establishes a patient's right to consent to the use and disclosure of protected health information (PHI), inspect and copy their medical record, and amend mistaken or incomplete information.

• It limits who can access a patient's record and establishes the basis for privacy and confidentiality concerns.

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

• The ADA is a civil rights statute that protects the rights of people with physical or mental disabilities.
• It prohibits discrimination and ensures equal opportunities for people with disabilities in employment, state and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation.
• The ADA defines a disability as a mental or physical condition that substantially limits a major life activity.

Patient Self-Determination Act

• The Patient Self-Determination Act requires health care institutions to provide written information to patients concerning their rights to make decisions about their care, including the right to refuse treatment and formulate an advance directive.
• An advance directive is a document that instructs others to perform tasks before, during, and after a patient's death.
• A patient's record must indicate whether they have signed an advance directive and include a copy of the directive if available.

Nurse Practice Act

• Nurse practice acts are state laws that protect citizens, make nurses accountable, and ensure that care is consistent with best practices within the scope and standards of nursing.
• These laws create a state board of nursing that regulates and disseminates information related to nursing practice.
• The state board licenses all RNs in the state in which they practice, and licensure permits people to offer special skills to the public while providing legal guidelines for protection of the public.

Healthcare Acts

• Healthcare acts require healthcare providers to obtain informed consent from patients before performing a procedure or treatment.
• The person responsible for performing the procedure is responsible for obtaining the informed consent.
• Patients must receive an explanation of the procedure, the names and qualifications of people performing and assisting in the procedure, and the risks and benefits of the procedure.

Good Samaritan Law

• Good Samaritan laws limit liability and offer legal immunity if a nurse helps at the scene of an accident.
• These laws encourage healthcare professionals to assist in emergencies.

Malpractice

• Malpractice is a type of negligence that occurs when a healthcare professional fails to meet the standard of care.
• To establish nursing malpractice, four criteria must be met: the nurse owed a duty of care to the patient, the nurse breached that duty, the patient was injured as a result of the breach, and damages or remedies are allowed under state law.

Risk Management Performance and Quality Improvement

• Risk management, performance improvement, and quality improvement programs help to reduce a nurse's legal risk for malpractice and negligence by identifying potential hazards and eliminating them before harm occurs.

Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of Dying

• The five stages of dying are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
• These stages are a natural response to a loss or diagnosis.

Task-Oriented Touch

• Task-oriented touch is used when performing a task or procedure, such as inserting an IV.
• This type of touch conveys security and competence.

Interprofessional Rounding

• Interprofessional rounding involves members of the healthcare team meeting to discuss patient information, answer questions, and plan care.
• This type of rounding improves decision making, nurse job satisfaction, and quality of care.

Interprofessional Collaboration

• Interprofessional collaboration involves bringing various disciplines together to work with patients and families to deliver quality care.
• The nurse plays a unique role in this collaboration, often taking on the responsibility of coordinating communication and patient care.

Evidence-Based Practice

• Evidence-based practice guides nurses' clinical judgments in making effective, timely, and appropriate clinical decisions.
• It involves using the best available evidence to inform practice, including research, clinical expertise, and patient values.

Meta-analysis of Randomized Control Trials

• A meta-analysis is a type of research that combines the results of multiple studies to show the effect of an intervention on an outcome.
• This type of research is considered the highest level of evidence and is used to inform practice decisions.