Nursing Process and Clinical Decision Making
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Questions and Answers

Which standard of nursing practice involves analyzing assessment data to determine actual or potential diagnoses?

  • Diagnosis (correct)
  • Outcomes Identification
  • Planning
  • Assessment

    • What is the primary model for clinical decision making in nursing?

  • Code of Ethics
  • Standards of Professional Nursing Practice
  • Standards of Professional Performance
  • Nursing Process (correct)

    • What is the primary role of a nurse when providing advocacy intervention?

  • Coordinating care delivery
  • Protecting patient's human and legal rights (correct)
  • Employing health teaching strategies
  • Evaluating progress toward attainment of goals

    • Which step of the nursing process involves identifying expected outcomes for a plan individualized to the healthcare consumer or situation?

    <p>Outcomes Identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fifth step of the nursing process?

    <p>Implementation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the American Nurses Association (ANA) Standards of Nursing Practice?

    <p>To outline the scope and standards of nursing practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a step of the nursing process?

    <p>Coordination of Care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate goal of the nursing process?

    <p>To improve patient outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of evidence-based practice in healthcare?

    <p>To integrate best current evidence with clinical expertise and patient/family preferences and values for delivery of optimal health care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nurses was instrumental in moving nursing education into universities?

    <p>Mary Adelaide Nutting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of quality improvement in healthcare?

    <p>To use data to monitor the outcomes of care processes and use improvement methods to design and test changes to continuously improve the quality and safety of health care systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a safety design principle in healthcare?

    <p>Examine human factors and other basic safety design principles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of informatics in healthcare?

    <p>To use information and technology to communicate, manage knowledge, mitigate error, and support decision making</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nurses was a founder of The American Red Cross?

    <p>Clara Barton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What level of healthcare delivery is provided in an intensive care unit at an acute care hospital?

    <p>Tertiary Care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Center for Ethics and Human Rights established by the American Nurses Association (ANA) in 1990?

    <p>To provide a framework for addressing ethical issues in healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a strength of the scientific basis for practice?

    <p>Appreciation of the importance of regularly reading relevant journals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Visiting Nurse Service of New York established by Lillian Wald and Mary Brewster in 1893?

    <p>To serve thousands of immigrants living in tenements in the Lower East Side of NYC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of an advocate in healthcare?

    <p>To safeguard patients' care against errors and ensure their healthcare rights</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary responsibility of a Nurse Practitioner?

    <p>Managing hospital budgets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with establishing the first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration?

    <p>Florence Nightingale</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) project?

    <p>To prepare future nurses to improve the quality and safety of healthcare systems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an expert nurse according to Benner's 5 levels of Nursing Proficiency?

    <p>Has a diverse range of clinical experience and an intuitive grasp of clinical problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of patient-centered care in the QSEN competency?

    <p>Recognizing the patient or designee as the source of control and full partner in providing care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a QSEN competency?

    <p>Health information management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a nurse practitioner in primary care?

    <p>To provide primary, acute, and specialty healthcare to patients of all ages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of a competent nurse according to Benner's 5 levels of Nursing Proficiency?

    <p>Has been in the same clinical position for 2-3 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the QSEN competency on teamwork and collaboration?

    <p>Recognizing the contributions of other individuals and groups helping patients achieve health goals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of palliative care?

    <p>To improve the quality of life of patients and families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of care focuses on reducing and controlling risk factors for disease?

    <p>Preventive care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between hospice and palliative care?

    <p>Hospice care is for terminally ill patients, while palliative care is for patients with serious illnesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the model used to understand the interrelationship of human needs?

    <p>Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of care involves the diagnosis and treatment of common illnesses?

    <p>Primary care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of restorative care?

    <p>Rehabilitation programs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of care is highly specialized and involves intensive care and inpatient psychiatric facilities?

    <p>Tertiary care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of community legislation in preventive care?

    <p>To promote healthy behaviors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of continuing health care?

    <p>Long-term care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which level of care involves urgent care and hospital emergency care?

    <p>Secondary care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a nonmodifiable risk factor?

    <p>Family history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with a chronic illness may experience:

    <p>Fluctuating levels of functioning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The purpose of EMTALA is to:

    <p>Prevent patient dumping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nurse reading another patient's health chart without authorization is a violation of:

    <p>HIPAA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) protects the rights of individuals with:

    <p>Physical or mental disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A patient with a genetic risk factor for colon cancer has a:

    <p>Nonmodifiable risk factor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a chronic disease?

    <p>Bronchitis for 8 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A nurse's role in secondary prevention involves:

    <p>Selecting appropriate prevention strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a right established by HIPAA?

    <p>Right to inspect and copy one's medical record</p> Signup and view all the answers

    EMTALA ensures that patients are:

    <p>Medically screened and stabilized</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Maslow's hierarchy, which need must be fulfilled before the need of self-actualization?

    <p>Physiological needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of primary health care?

    <p>Improved health outcomes for an entire population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between secondary and tertiary care?

    <p>Tertiary care is more specialized and complex than secondary care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of care is associated with a patient who has had a stroke and is bedbound and unable to walk?

    <p>Tertiary care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of tertiary care?

    <p>Specialized consultative care for complex medical conditions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a modifiable risk factor for myocardial infarction?

    <p>Unhealthy diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of delays in treating or diagnosing chronic illness?

    <p>Disability, decreased quality of life, and increased health care costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason people use health care services?

    <p>For diagnosis and treatment of illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of secondary health care?

    <p>Diagnosis and treatment of acute illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of fulfilling physiological needs according to Maslow's hierarchy?

    <p>Safety and security</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Under the ADA, what is the definition of a disability?

    <p>A mental or physical condition that substantially limits a major life activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the Patient Self-Determination Act?

    <p>To ensure that patients receive written information about their rights to make decisions about their care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the State Board of Nursing?

    <p>To regulate and disseminate information related to nursing practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in an advance directive?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is responsible for obtaining informed consent for a medical procedure?

    <p>The person responsible for performing the procedure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Nurse Licensure Compact (NLC)?

    <p>To provide a mechanism for nurses to practice in multiple states</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the Office of Equal Employment Opportunity?

    <p>To enforce the ADA and ensure equal opportunities for people with disabilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a nurse practice act?

    <p>To protect citizens and ensure that care is consistent with best practices within the scope and standards of nursing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the informed consent process?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the nurse in the informed consent process?

    <p>To witness consent and provide support to the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a nurse's signature as a witness to the consent?

    <p>To confirm the patient's voluntary and knowledgeable consent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the Good Samaritan Law?

    <p>To limit liability and offer legal immunity for healthcare professionals in emergency situations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a nurse's failure to perform routine vitals on a patient?

    <p>Malpractice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of risk management, performance improvement, and quality improvement programs?

    <p>To identify potential hazards and eliminate them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the fifth stage of Kubler-Ross's Five Stages of Dying?

    <p>Acceptance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of touch is a nurse using when looking for a vein to insert an IV?

    <p>Task-oriented touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a nurse participating in MD-RN rounds?

    <p>Interprofessional rounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary criterion for establishing nursing malpractice?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of interprofessional collaboration in healthcare?

    <p>To deliver quality, safe patient care and create a positive work culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a nurse notifying the healthcare provider and nursing supervisor if they suspect a patient does not understand or did not voluntarily give consent?

    <p>To ensure the patient's safety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the nurse in interprofessional collaboration?

    <p>To coordinate communication and patient care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of programs to reduce a nurse's legal risk for malpractice?

    <p>To eliminate potential hazards</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of evidence-based practice in healthcare?

    <p>To guide nurses' clinical judgments in making effective, timely, and appropriate clinical decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research has random controlled trials and a lot of statistical data?

    <p>Meta-analysis of randomized control trials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of interprofessional rounding in healthcare?

    <p>To improve decision making, quality of care, and job satisfaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of a hospital-acquired condition (HAC)?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a nurse working on a PICO question?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a nurse in interprofessional collaboration?

    <p>To take on the responsibilities of coordination of communication and patient care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the nurse when researching the best current practice to change a central line dressing?

    <p>To prevent central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of collaboration is involved when the nurse meets with the provider at the nursing station to discuss how they can manage the patient's pain?

    <p>Interprofessional collaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of interprofessional collaboration among nurses and health care providers?

    <p>To deliver quality, safe patient care and create a positive work culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of collaboration is involved when a nurse meets with a provider to discuss patient care?

    <p>Interprofessional collaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of evidence-based practice in healthcare?

    <p>To guide nurses' clinical judgments in making effective, timely, and appropriate clinical decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research study involves random controlled trials and a lot of statistical data?

    <p>Meta-analysis of randomized control trials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a nurse in interprofessional collaboration?

    <p>To take on the responsibilities of coordination of communication and patient care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of interprofessional rounding?

    <p>To improve decision making, nurses' job satisfaction, and quality of care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study is considered the highest level of evidence available?

    <p>Meta-analysis of randomized control trials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of evidence-based practice in healthcare?

    <p>To guide nurses' clinical judgments in making effective, timely, and appropriate clinical decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a nurse in interprofessional collaboration?

    <p>To take on the responsibilities of coordination of communication and patient care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of interprofessional collaboration among nurses and health care providers?

    <p>To deliver quality, safe patient care and create a positive work culture for practitioners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of interprofessional rounding?

    <p>To improve decision making and quality of care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of collaboration is involved when a nurse meets with a provider to discuss patient care?

    <p>Interprofessional collaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of research is involved in a systematic review of the highest level of evidence available for a well-defined area of study?

    <p>Meta-analysis of randomized control trials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a nurse in interprofessional collaboration?

    <p>To take on the responsibilities of coordination of patient care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of evidence-based practice in healthcare?

    <p>To guide nurses' clinical judgments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hospital-acquired condition?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of interprofessional education?

    <p>To promote collaboration among healthcare providers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of quality improvement in healthcare?

    <p>To improve patient outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a nurse working on a PICO question?

    <p>To find the best evidence to support a change in practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a meta-analysis and a systematic review?

    <p>A meta-analysis uses statistics to show the effect of an intervention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of interprofessional collaboration in healthcare?

    <p>To deliver quality, safe patient care and create a positive work culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of a nurse in interprofessional collaboration?

    <p>To take on the responsibilities of coordination of communication and patient care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of evidence-based practice in healthcare?

    <p>To improve patient outcomes and healthcare quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a systematic review?

    <p>To summarize the existing evidence on a specific topic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between a meta-analysis and a systematic review?

    <p>A meta-analysis uses statistics to show the effect of an intervention, while a systematic review does not</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of quality improvement in healthcare?

    <p>To improve patient outcomes and healthcare quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of interprofessional rounding in healthcare?

    <p>Improving patient outcomes and healthcare quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of evidence-based practice in healthcare?

    <p>To improve patient outcomes and healthcare quality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of a nurse researcher who is conducting a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials?

    <p>To summarize the existing evidence on a specific topic and make recommendations for practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of a nurse who is conducting a systematic review of descriptive and qualitative studies?

    <p>To summarize the existing evidence on a specific topic and make recommendations for practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of interprofessional rounding?

    <p>To improve decision making and quality of care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of collaboration involves bringing various disciplines together to work with patients and families to deliver quality care?

    <p>Interprofessional collaboration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the nurse in interprofessional collaboration?

    <p>To coordinate communication and patient care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of evidence-based practice?

    <p>To guide nurses' clinical judgments in making effective, timely, and appropriate clinical decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the nurse researcher in the scenario?

    <p>To find the best current practice to change a central line dressing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of study is considered the best evidence?

    <p>Meta-analysis of randomized control trials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the nurse in the interprofessional unit practice committee (UPC)?

    <p>To discuss practice issues and quality indicators for the unit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the quality report in the scenario?

    <p>To identify the causes of central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of the nurse in using evidence-based practice?

    <p>To make effective, timely, and appropriate clinical decisions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the nurse's role in interprofessional collaboration?

    <p>To deliver quality care to patients and families</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Nursing Models and Theories

    • The nursing process is a model for clinical decision making, including assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
    • The American Nurses Association (ANA) developed the Standards of Nursing Practice, which outline the responsibilities of nurses in providing patient care.

    Advance Practice Roles

    • A Nurse Practitioner (NP) is an Advance Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) who provides primary, acute, and specialty health care to patients of all ages.

    Nursing History

    • Florence Nightingale established the first nursing philosophy, emphasizing health maintenance and restoration, and developed the first organized program for training nurses.
    • Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.
    • Dorothea Dix organized hospitals during the Civil War era.
    • Harriet Tubman helped over 300 slaves escape through the Underground Railroad.

    Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)

    • QSEN aims to prepare future nurses to have the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to improve the quality and safety of health care systems.
    • The six competencies of QSEN are:
      • Patient-centered care
      • Teamwork and collaboration
      • Evidence-based practice
      • Quality improvement
      • Safety
      • Informatics

    Levels of Healthcare Delivery

    • The six levels of care in the US healthcare system are:
      • Preventive care
      • Primary care
      • Secondary care
      • Tertiary care
      • Restorative care
      • Continuing care
    • Tertiary care is highly specialized, such as intensive care, inpatient psychiatric facilities, and specialty care.
    • Palliative care is a holistic, patient- and family-centered care approach that aims to improve the quality of life of patients with life-threatening illnesses.

    Prevention and Risk Factors

    • The three levels of prevention are:
      • Primary prevention (health promotion and disease prevention)
      • Secondary prevention (early diagnosis and treatment)
      • Tertiary prevention (managing chronic illnesses and preventing complications)
    • Modifiable risk factors include lifestyle practices and behaviors, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy diet, obesity, physical inactivity, and insufficient rest and sleep.
    • Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, gender, genetics, and family history.

    Patient Education and Healthcare Laws

    • The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) prohibits the transfer of patients from private to public hospitals without appropriate screening and stabilization.

    • The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides rights to patients and protects employees, including standards regarding accountability and patient privacy.### HIPAA and Patient Rights

    • HIPAA establishes a patient's right to consent to the use and disclosure of protected health information (PHI), inspect and copy their medical record, and amend mistaken or incomplete information.

    • It limits who can access a patient's record and establishes the basis for privacy and confidentiality concerns.

    Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

    • The ADA is a civil rights statute that protects the rights of people with physical or mental disabilities.
    • It prohibits discrimination and ensures equal opportunities for people with disabilities in employment, state and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation.
    • The ADA defines a disability as a mental or physical condition that substantially limits a major life activity.

    Patient Self-Determination Act

    • The Patient Self-Determination Act requires health care institutions to provide written information to patients concerning their rights to make decisions about their care, including the right to refuse treatment and formulate an advance directive.
    • An advance directive is a document that instructs others to perform tasks before, during, and after a patient's death.
    • A patient's record must indicate whether they have signed an advance directive and include a copy of the directive if available.

    Nurse Practice Act

    • Nurse practice acts are state laws that protect citizens, make nurses accountable, and ensure that care is consistent with best practices within the scope and standards of nursing.
    • These laws create a state board of nursing that regulates and disseminates information related to nursing practice.
    • The state board licenses all RNs in the state in which they practice, and licensure permits people to offer special skills to the public while providing legal guidelines for protection of the public.

    Healthcare Acts

    • Healthcare acts require healthcare providers to obtain informed consent from patients before performing a procedure or treatment.
    • The person responsible for performing the procedure is responsible for obtaining the informed consent.
    • Patients must receive an explanation of the procedure, the names and qualifications of people performing and assisting in the procedure, and the risks and benefits of the procedure.

    Good Samaritan Law

    • Good Samaritan laws limit liability and offer legal immunity if a nurse helps at the scene of an accident.
    • These laws encourage healthcare professionals to assist in emergencies.

    Malpractice

    • Malpractice is a type of negligence that occurs when a healthcare professional fails to meet the standard of care.
    • To establish nursing malpractice, four criteria must be met: the nurse owed a duty of care to the patient, the nurse breached that duty, the patient was injured as a result of the breach, and damages or remedies are allowed under state law.

    Risk Management Performance and Quality Improvement

    • Risk management, performance improvement, and quality improvement programs help to reduce a nurse's legal risk for malpractice and negligence by identifying potential hazards and eliminating them before harm occurs.

    Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of Dying

    • The five stages of dying are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
    • These stages are a natural response to a loss or diagnosis.

    Task-Oriented Touch

    • Task-oriented touch is used when performing a task or procedure, such as inserting an IV.
    • This type of touch conveys security and competence.

    Interprofessional Rounding

    • Interprofessional rounding involves members of the healthcare team meeting to discuss patient information, answer questions, and plan care.
    • This type of rounding improves decision making, nurse job satisfaction, and quality of care.

    Interprofessional Collaboration

    • Interprofessional collaboration involves bringing various disciplines together to work with patients and families to deliver quality care.
    • The nurse plays a unique role in this collaboration, often taking on the responsibility of coordinating communication and patient care.

    Evidence-Based Practice

    • Evidence-based practice guides nurses' clinical judgments in making effective, timely, and appropriate clinical decisions.
    • It involves using the best available evidence to inform practice, including research, clinical expertise, and patient values.

    Meta-analysis of Randomized Control Trials

    • A meta-analysis is a type of research that combines the results of multiple studies to show the effect of an intervention on an outcome.
    • This type of research is considered the highest level of evidence and is used to inform practice decisions.

    Nursing Models and Theories

    • The nursing process is a model for clinical decision making, including assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
    • The American Nurses Association (ANA) developed the Standards of Nursing Practice, which outline the responsibilities of nurses in providing patient care.

    Advance Practice Roles

    • A Nurse Practitioner (NP) is an Advance Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) who provides primary, acute, and specialty health care to patients of all ages.

    Nursing History

    • Florence Nightingale established the first nursing philosophy, emphasizing health maintenance and restoration, and developed the first organized program for training nurses.
    • Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.
    • Dorothea Dix organized hospitals during the Civil War era.
    • Harriet Tubman helped over 300 slaves escape through the Underground Railroad.

    Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)

    • QSEN aims to prepare future nurses to have the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to improve the quality and safety of health care systems.
    • The six competencies of QSEN are:
      • Patient-centered care
      • Teamwork and collaboration
      • Evidence-based practice
      • Quality improvement
      • Safety
      • Informatics

    Levels of Healthcare Delivery

    • The six levels of care in the US healthcare system are:
      • Preventive care
      • Primary care
      • Secondary care
      • Tertiary care
      • Restorative care
      • Continuing care
    • Tertiary care is highly specialized, such as intensive care, inpatient psychiatric facilities, and specialty care.
    • Palliative care is a holistic, patient- and family-centered care approach that aims to improve the quality of life of patients with life-threatening illnesses.

    Prevention and Risk Factors

    • The three levels of prevention are:
      • Primary prevention (health promotion and disease prevention)
      • Secondary prevention (early diagnosis and treatment)
      • Tertiary prevention (managing chronic illnesses and preventing complications)
    • Modifiable risk factors include lifestyle practices and behaviors, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy diet, obesity, physical inactivity, and insufficient rest and sleep.
    • Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, gender, genetics, and family history.

    Patient Education and Healthcare Laws

    • The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) prohibits the transfer of patients from private to public hospitals without appropriate screening and stabilization.

    • The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides rights to patients and protects employees, including standards regarding accountability and patient privacy.### HIPAA and Patient Rights

    • HIPAA establishes a patient's right to consent to the use and disclosure of protected health information (PHI), inspect and copy their medical record, and amend mistaken or incomplete information.

    • It limits who can access a patient's record and establishes the basis for privacy and confidentiality concerns.

    Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

    • The ADA is a civil rights statute that protects the rights of people with physical or mental disabilities.
    • It prohibits discrimination and ensures equal opportunities for people with disabilities in employment, state and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation.
    • The ADA defines a disability as a mental or physical condition that substantially limits a major life activity.

    Patient Self-Determination Act

    • The Patient Self-Determination Act requires health care institutions to provide written information to patients concerning their rights to make decisions about their care, including the right to refuse treatment and formulate an advance directive.
    • An advance directive is a document that instructs others to perform tasks before, during, and after a patient's death.
    • A patient's record must indicate whether they have signed an advance directive and include a copy of the directive if available.

    Nurse Practice Act

    • Nurse practice acts are state laws that protect citizens, make nurses accountable, and ensure that care is consistent with best practices within the scope and standards of nursing.
    • These laws create a state board of nursing that regulates and disseminates information related to nursing practice.
    • The state board licenses all RNs in the state in which they practice, and licensure permits people to offer special skills to the public while providing legal guidelines for protection of the public.

    Healthcare Acts

    • Healthcare acts require healthcare providers to obtain informed consent from patients before performing a procedure or treatment.
    • The person responsible for performing the procedure is responsible for obtaining the informed consent.
    • Patients must receive an explanation of the procedure, the names and qualifications of people performing and assisting in the procedure, and the risks and benefits of the procedure.

    Good Samaritan Law

    • Good Samaritan laws limit liability and offer legal immunity if a nurse helps at the scene of an accident.
    • These laws encourage healthcare professionals to assist in emergencies.

    Malpractice

    • Malpractice is a type of negligence that occurs when a healthcare professional fails to meet the standard of care.
    • To establish nursing malpractice, four criteria must be met: the nurse owed a duty of care to the patient, the nurse breached that duty, the patient was injured as a result of the breach, and damages or remedies are allowed under state law.

    Risk Management Performance and Quality Improvement

    • Risk management, performance improvement, and quality improvement programs help to reduce a nurse's legal risk for malpractice and negligence by identifying potential hazards and eliminating them before harm occurs.

    Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of Dying

    • The five stages of dying are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
    • These stages are a natural response to a loss or diagnosis.

    Task-Oriented Touch

    • Task-oriented touch is used when performing a task or procedure, such as inserting an IV.
    • This type of touch conveys security and competence.

    Interprofessional Rounding

    • Interprofessional rounding involves members of the healthcare team meeting to discuss patient information, answer questions, and plan care.
    • This type of rounding improves decision making, nurse job satisfaction, and quality of care.

    Interprofessional Collaboration

    • Interprofessional collaboration involves bringing various disciplines together to work with patients and families to deliver quality care.
    • The nurse plays a unique role in this collaboration, often taking on the responsibility of coordinating communication and patient care.

    Evidence-Based Practice

    • Evidence-based practice guides nurses' clinical judgments in making effective, timely, and appropriate clinical decisions.
    • It involves using the best available evidence to inform practice, including research, clinical expertise, and patient values.

    Meta-analysis of Randomized Control Trials

    • A meta-analysis is a type of research that combines the results of multiple studies to show the effect of an intervention on an outcome.
    • This type of research is considered the highest level of evidence and is used to inform practice decisions.

    Nursing Models and Theories

    • The nursing process is a model for clinical decision making, including assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
    • The American Nurses Association (ANA) developed the Standards of Nursing Practice, which outline the responsibilities of nurses in providing patient care.

    Advance Practice Roles

    • A Nurse Practitioner (NP) is an Advance Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) who provides primary, acute, and specialty health care to patients of all ages.

    Nursing History

    • Florence Nightingale established the first nursing philosophy, emphasizing health maintenance and restoration, and developed the first organized program for training nurses.
    • Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.
    • Dorothea Dix organized hospitals during the Civil War era.
    • Harriet Tubman helped over 300 slaves escape through the Underground Railroad.

    Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)

    • QSEN aims to prepare future nurses to have the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to improve the quality and safety of health care systems.
    • The six competencies of QSEN are:
      • Patient-centered care
      • Teamwork and collaboration
      • Evidence-based practice
      • Quality improvement
      • Safety
      • Informatics

    Levels of Healthcare Delivery

    • The six levels of care in the US healthcare system are:
      • Preventive care
      • Primary care
      • Secondary care
      • Tertiary care
      • Restorative care
      • Continuing care
    • Tertiary care is highly specialized, such as intensive care, inpatient psychiatric facilities, and specialty care.
    • Palliative care is a holistic, patient- and family-centered care approach that aims to improve the quality of life of patients with life-threatening illnesses.

    Prevention and Risk Factors

    • The three levels of prevention are:
      • Primary prevention (health promotion and disease prevention)
      • Secondary prevention (early diagnosis and treatment)
      • Tertiary prevention (managing chronic illnesses and preventing complications)
    • Modifiable risk factors include lifestyle practices and behaviors, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy diet, obesity, physical inactivity, and insufficient rest and sleep.
    • Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, gender, genetics, and family history.

    Patient Education and Healthcare Laws

    • The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) prohibits the transfer of patients from private to public hospitals without appropriate screening and stabilization.

    • The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides rights to patients and protects employees, including standards regarding accountability and patient privacy.### HIPAA and Patient Rights

    • HIPAA establishes a patient's right to consent to the use and disclosure of protected health information (PHI), inspect and copy their medical record, and amend mistaken or incomplete information.

    • It limits who can access a patient's record and establishes the basis for privacy and confidentiality concerns.

    Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

    • The ADA is a civil rights statute that protects the rights of people with physical or mental disabilities.
    • It prohibits discrimination and ensures equal opportunities for people with disabilities in employment, state and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation.
    • The ADA defines a disability as a mental or physical condition that substantially limits a major life activity.

    Patient Self-Determination Act

    • The Patient Self-Determination Act requires health care institutions to provide written information to patients concerning their rights to make decisions about their care, including the right to refuse treatment and formulate an advance directive.
    • An advance directive is a document that instructs others to perform tasks before, during, and after a patient's death.
    • A patient's record must indicate whether they have signed an advance directive and include a copy of the directive if available.

    Nurse Practice Act

    • Nurse practice acts are state laws that protect citizens, make nurses accountable, and ensure that care is consistent with best practices within the scope and standards of nursing.
    • These laws create a state board of nursing that regulates and disseminates information related to nursing practice.
    • The state board licenses all RNs in the state in which they practice, and licensure permits people to offer special skills to the public while providing legal guidelines for protection of the public.

    Healthcare Acts

    • Healthcare acts require healthcare providers to obtain informed consent from patients before performing a procedure or treatment.
    • The person responsible for performing the procedure is responsible for obtaining the informed consent.
    • Patients must receive an explanation of the procedure, the names and qualifications of people performing and assisting in the procedure, and the risks and benefits of the procedure.

    Good Samaritan Law

    • Good Samaritan laws limit liability and offer legal immunity if a nurse helps at the scene of an accident.
    • These laws encourage healthcare professionals to assist in emergencies.

    Malpractice

    • Malpractice is a type of negligence that occurs when a healthcare professional fails to meet the standard of care.
    • To establish nursing malpractice, four criteria must be met: the nurse owed a duty of care to the patient, the nurse breached that duty, the patient was injured as a result of the breach, and damages or remedies are allowed under state law.

    Risk Management Performance and Quality Improvement

    • Risk management, performance improvement, and quality improvement programs help to reduce a nurse's legal risk for malpractice and negligence by identifying potential hazards and eliminating them before harm occurs.

    Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of Dying

    • The five stages of dying are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
    • These stages are a natural response to a loss or diagnosis.

    Task-Oriented Touch

    • Task-oriented touch is used when performing a task or procedure, such as inserting an IV.
    • This type of touch conveys security and competence.

    Interprofessional Rounding

    • Interprofessional rounding involves members of the healthcare team meeting to discuss patient information, answer questions, and plan care.
    • This type of rounding improves decision making, nurse job satisfaction, and quality of care.

    Interprofessional Collaboration

    • Interprofessional collaboration involves bringing various disciplines together to work with patients and families to deliver quality care.
    • The nurse plays a unique role in this collaboration, often taking on the responsibility of coordinating communication and patient care.

    Evidence-Based Practice

    • Evidence-based practice guides nurses' clinical judgments in making effective, timely, and appropriate clinical decisions.
    • It involves using the best available evidence to inform practice, including research, clinical expertise, and patient values.

    Meta-analysis of Randomized Control Trials

    • A meta-analysis is a type of research that combines the results of multiple studies to show the effect of an intervention on an outcome.
    • This type of research is considered the highest level of evidence and is used to inform practice decisions.

    Nursing Models and Theories

    • The nursing process is a model for clinical decision making, including assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
    • The American Nurses Association (ANA) developed the Standards of Nursing Practice, which outline the responsibilities of nurses in providing patient care.

    Advance Practice Roles

    • A Nurse Practitioner (NP) is an Advance Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) who provides primary, acute, and specialty health care to patients of all ages.

    Nursing History

    • Florence Nightingale established the first nursing philosophy, emphasizing health maintenance and restoration, and developed the first organized program for training nurses.
    • Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.
    • Dorothea Dix organized hospitals during the Civil War era.
    • Harriet Tubman helped over 300 slaves escape through the Underground Railroad.

    Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)

    • QSEN aims to prepare future nurses to have the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to improve the quality and safety of health care systems.
    • The six competencies of QSEN are:
      • Patient-centered care
      • Teamwork and collaboration
      • Evidence-based practice
      • Quality improvement
      • Safety
      • Informatics

    Levels of Healthcare Delivery

    • The six levels of care in the US healthcare system are:
      • Preventive care
      • Primary care
      • Secondary care
      • Tertiary care
      • Restorative care
      • Continuing care
    • Tertiary care is highly specialized, such as intensive care, inpatient psychiatric facilities, and specialty care.
    • Palliative care is a holistic, patient- and family-centered care approach that aims to improve the quality of life of patients with life-threatening illnesses.

    Prevention and Risk Factors

    • The three levels of prevention are:
      • Primary prevention (health promotion and disease prevention)
      • Secondary prevention (early diagnosis and treatment)
      • Tertiary prevention (managing chronic illnesses and preventing complications)
    • Modifiable risk factors include lifestyle practices and behaviors, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy diet, obesity, physical inactivity, and insufficient rest and sleep.
    • Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, gender, genetics, and family history.

    Patient Education and Healthcare Laws

    • The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) prohibits the transfer of patients from private to public hospitals without appropriate screening and stabilization.

    • The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides rights to patients and protects employees, including standards regarding accountability and patient privacy.### HIPAA and Patient Rights

    • HIPAA establishes a patient's right to consent to the use and disclosure of protected health information (PHI), inspect and copy their medical record, and amend mistaken or incomplete information.

    • It limits who can access a patient's record and establishes the basis for privacy and confidentiality concerns.

    Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

    • The ADA is a civil rights statute that protects the rights of people with physical or mental disabilities.
    • It prohibits discrimination and ensures equal opportunities for people with disabilities in employment, state and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation.
    • The ADA defines a disability as a mental or physical condition that substantially limits a major life activity.

    Patient Self-Determination Act

    • The Patient Self-Determination Act requires health care institutions to provide written information to patients concerning their rights to make decisions about their care, including the right to refuse treatment and formulate an advance directive.
    • An advance directive is a document that instructs others to perform tasks before, during, and after a patient's death.
    • A patient's record must indicate whether they have signed an advance directive and include a copy of the directive if available.

    Nurse Practice Act

    • Nurse practice acts are state laws that protect citizens, make nurses accountable, and ensure that care is consistent with best practices within the scope and standards of nursing.
    • These laws create a state board of nursing that regulates and disseminates information related to nursing practice.
    • The state board licenses all RNs in the state in which they practice, and licensure permits people to offer special skills to the public while providing legal guidelines for protection of the public.

    Healthcare Acts

    • Healthcare acts require healthcare providers to obtain informed consent from patients before performing a procedure or treatment.
    • The person responsible for performing the procedure is responsible for obtaining the informed consent.
    • Patients must receive an explanation of the procedure, the names and qualifications of people performing and assisting in the procedure, and the risks and benefits of the procedure.

    Good Samaritan Law

    • Good Samaritan laws limit liability and offer legal immunity if a nurse helps at the scene of an accident.
    • These laws encourage healthcare professionals to assist in emergencies.

    Malpractice

    • Malpractice is a type of negligence that occurs when a healthcare professional fails to meet the standard of care.
    • To establish nursing malpractice, four criteria must be met: the nurse owed a duty of care to the patient, the nurse breached that duty, the patient was injured as a result of the breach, and damages or remedies are allowed under state law.

    Risk Management Performance and Quality Improvement

    • Risk management, performance improvement, and quality improvement programs help to reduce a nurse's legal risk for malpractice and negligence by identifying potential hazards and eliminating them before harm occurs.

    Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of Dying

    • The five stages of dying are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
    • These stages are a natural response to a loss or diagnosis.

    Task-Oriented Touch

    • Task-oriented touch is used when performing a task or procedure, such as inserting an IV.
    • This type of touch conveys security and competence.

    Interprofessional Rounding

    • Interprofessional rounding involves members of the healthcare team meeting to discuss patient information, answer questions, and plan care.
    • This type of rounding improves decision making, nurse job satisfaction, and quality of care.

    Interprofessional Collaboration

    • Interprofessional collaboration involves bringing various disciplines together to work with patients and families to deliver quality care.
    • The nurse plays a unique role in this collaboration, often taking on the responsibility of coordinating communication and patient care.

    Evidence-Based Practice

    • Evidence-based practice guides nurses' clinical judgments in making effective, timely, and appropriate clinical decisions.
    • It involves using the best available evidence to inform practice, including research, clinical expertise, and patient values.

    Meta-analysis of Randomized Control Trials

    • A meta-analysis is a type of research that combines the results of multiple studies to show the effect of an intervention on an outcome.
    • This type of research is considered the highest level of evidence and is used to inform practice decisions.

    Nursing Models and Theories

    • The nursing process is a model for clinical decision making, including assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, and evaluation.
    • The American Nurses Association (ANA) developed the Standards of Nursing Practice, which outline the responsibilities of nurses in providing patient care.

    Advance Practice Roles

    • A Nurse Practitioner (NP) is an Advance Practice Registered Nurse (APRN) who provides primary, acute, and specialty health care to patients of all ages.

    Nursing History

    • Florence Nightingale established the first nursing philosophy, emphasizing health maintenance and restoration, and developed the first organized program for training nurses.
    • Clara Barton founded the American Red Cross.
    • Dorothea Dix organized hospitals during the Civil War era.
    • Harriet Tubman helped over 300 slaves escape through the Underground Railroad.

    Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)

    • QSEN aims to prepare future nurses to have the knowledge, skills, and attitudes necessary to improve the quality and safety of health care systems.
    • The six competencies of QSEN are:
      • Patient-centered care
      • Teamwork and collaboration
      • Evidence-based practice
      • Quality improvement
      • Safety
      • Informatics

    Levels of Healthcare Delivery

    • The six levels of care in the US healthcare system are:
      • Preventive care
      • Primary care
      • Secondary care
      • Tertiary care
      • Restorative care
      • Continuing care
    • Tertiary care is highly specialized, such as intensive care, inpatient psychiatric facilities, and specialty care.
    • Palliative care is a holistic, patient- and family-centered care approach that aims to improve the quality of life of patients with life-threatening illnesses.

    Prevention and Risk Factors

    • The three levels of prevention are:
      • Primary prevention (health promotion and disease prevention)
      • Secondary prevention (early diagnosis and treatment)
      • Tertiary prevention (managing chronic illnesses and preventing complications)
    • Modifiable risk factors include lifestyle practices and behaviors, such as smoking, drinking alcohol, unhealthy diet, obesity, physical inactivity, and insufficient rest and sleep.
    • Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, gender, genetics, and family history.

    Patient Education and Healthcare Laws

    • The Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) prohibits the transfer of patients from private to public hospitals without appropriate screening and stabilization.

    • The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) provides rights to patients and protects employees, including standards regarding accountability and patient privacy.### HIPAA and Patient Rights

    • HIPAA establishes a patient's right to consent to the use and disclosure of protected health information (PHI), inspect and copy their medical record, and amend mistaken or incomplete information.

    • It limits who can access a patient's record and establishes the basis for privacy and confidentiality concerns.

    Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

    • The ADA is a civil rights statute that protects the rights of people with physical or mental disabilities.
    • It prohibits discrimination and ensures equal opportunities for people with disabilities in employment, state and local government services, public accommodations, commercial facilities, and transportation.
    • The ADA defines a disability as a mental or physical condition that substantially limits a major life activity.

    Patient Self-Determination Act

    • The Patient Self-Determination Act requires health care institutions to provide written information to patients concerning their rights to make decisions about their care, including the right to refuse treatment and formulate an advance directive.
    • An advance directive is a document that instructs others to perform tasks before, during, and after a patient's death.
    • A patient's record must indicate whether they have signed an advance directive and include a copy of the directive if available.

    Nurse Practice Act

    • Nurse practice acts are state laws that protect citizens, make nurses accountable, and ensure that care is consistent with best practices within the scope and standards of nursing.
    • These laws create a state board of nursing that regulates and disseminates information related to nursing practice.
    • The state board licenses all RNs in the state in which they practice, and licensure permits people to offer special skills to the public while providing legal guidelines for protection of the public.

    Healthcare Acts

    • Healthcare acts require healthcare providers to obtain informed consent from patients before performing a procedure or treatment.
    • The person responsible for performing the procedure is responsible for obtaining the informed consent.
    • Patients must receive an explanation of the procedure, the names and qualifications of people performing and assisting in the procedure, and the risks and benefits of the procedure.

    Good Samaritan Law

    • Good Samaritan laws limit liability and offer legal immunity if a nurse helps at the scene of an accident.
    • These laws encourage healthcare professionals to assist in emergencies.

    Malpractice

    • Malpractice is a type of negligence that occurs when a healthcare professional fails to meet the standard of care.
    • To establish nursing malpractice, four criteria must be met: the nurse owed a duty of care to the patient, the nurse breached that duty, the patient was injured as a result of the breach, and damages or remedies are allowed under state law.

    Risk Management Performance and Quality Improvement

    • Risk management, performance improvement, and quality improvement programs help to reduce a nurse's legal risk for malpractice and negligence by identifying potential hazards and eliminating them before harm occurs.

    Kubler-Ross 5 Stages of Dying

    • The five stages of dying are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance.
    • These stages are a natural response to a loss or diagnosis.

    Task-Oriented Touch

    • Task-oriented touch is used when performing a task or procedure, such as inserting an IV.
    • This type of touch conveys security and competence.

    Interprofessional Rounding

    • Interprofessional rounding involves members of the healthcare team meeting to discuss patient information, answer questions, and plan care.
    • This type of rounding improves decision making, nurse job satisfaction, and quality of care.

    Interprofessional Collaboration

    • Interprofessional collaboration involves bringing various disciplines together to work with patients and families to deliver quality care.
    • The nurse plays a unique role in this collaboration, often taking on the responsibility of coordinating communication and patient care.

    Evidence-Based Practice

    • Evidence-based practice guides nurses' clinical judgments in making effective, timely, and appropriate clinical decisions.
    • It involves using the best available evidence to inform practice, including research, clinical expertise, and patient values.

    Meta-analysis of Randomized Control Trials

    • A meta-analysis is a type of research that combines the results of multiple studies to show the effect of an intervention on an outcome.
    • This type of research is considered the highest level of evidence and is used to inform practice decisions.

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    Review questions for nursing students covering the nursing process, clinical decision making, and standards of professional nursing practice. Topics include models for clinical decision making and the nursing process.

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