Podcast
Questions and Answers
A patient with liver cirrhosis requires a medication metabolized primarily by the liver. How should the nurse anticipate adjusting the medication regimen?
A patient with liver cirrhosis requires a medication metabolized primarily by the liver. How should the nurse anticipate adjusting the medication regimen?
- Administering the medication more frequently.
- No adjustment is necessary as the kidneys will compensate for liver dysfunction.
- Monitoring for signs of toxicity; a lower dose and less frequent administration may be required. (correct)
- Administering the medication at a higher dose.
A drug is known to be a potent antagonist at a specific receptor site. What effect would the administration of this drug likely have on the actions of an agonist at the same receptor?
A drug is known to be a potent antagonist at a specific receptor site. What effect would the administration of this drug likely have on the actions of an agonist at the same receptor?
- No change in the agonist's effects.
- Enhancement of the agonist's effects.
- A paradoxical effect, causing the agonist to become an inverse agonist.
- Reduction or blockage of the agonist's effects. (correct)
A patient develops hives and difficulty breathing shortly after receiving an intravenous antibiotic. Which type of adverse drug reaction is the MOST likely cause?
A patient develops hives and difficulty breathing shortly after receiving an intravenous antibiotic. Which type of adverse drug reaction is the MOST likely cause?
- Toxic effect
- Side effect
- Idiosyncratic reaction
- Allergic reaction (correct)
A nurse is preparing to administer a medication with a narrow therapeutic index. What special considerations are required for this drug?
A nurse is preparing to administer a medication with a narrow therapeutic index. What special considerations are required for this drug?
Which route of drug administration generally leads to the MOST rapid absorption?
Which route of drug administration generally leads to the MOST rapid absorption?
A patient is prescribed two drugs, A and B. Drug A inhibits the metabolism of Drug B. What is the MOST likely consequence of this drug interaction?
A patient is prescribed two drugs, A and B. Drug A inhibits the metabolism of Drug B. What is the MOST likely consequence of this drug interaction?
A patient reports that a pain medication is no longer effective in managing their chronic pain, even though they have been taking the medication as prescribed. This situation is MOST indicative of which pharmacological phenomenon?
A patient reports that a pain medication is no longer effective in managing their chronic pain, even though they have been taking the medication as prescribed. This situation is MOST indicative of which pharmacological phenomenon?
Which of the following factors would MOST significantly affect the distribution of a highly protein-bound drug?
Which of the following factors would MOST significantly affect the distribution of a highly protein-bound drug?
Which statement BEST describes the role of pharmacodynamics in drug therapy?
Which statement BEST describes the role of pharmacodynamics in drug therapy?
A nurse is teaching a patient about a newly prescribed medication. Which of the following instructions is MOST important to include to ensure patient safety?
A nurse is teaching a patient about a newly prescribed medication. Which of the following instructions is MOST important to include to ensure patient safety?
Flashcards
Pharmacology
Pharmacology
The study of drugs and their effects on the body, including ADME, mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects.
Pharmacokinetics
Pharmacokinetics
Describes how the body affects a drug, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Pharmacodynamics
Pharmacodynamics
Describes how a drug affects the body, including receptor binding, signal transduction, and physiological effects.
Absorption
Absorption
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Distribution
Distribution
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Metabolism
Metabolism
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Excretion
Excretion
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Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)
Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs)
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Allergic Reactions
Allergic Reactions
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Drug Interactions
Drug Interactions
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Study Notes
- Pharmacology involves studying drugs and their effects on the body.
- It includes how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted (ADME).
- It also encompasses the mechanisms of drug action, therapeutic uses, and adverse effects.
- Pharmacology knowledge is needed by nurses to administer medications safely and effectively.
- Nurses need to understand drug names, classifications, and routes of administration.
- Being aware of the potential therapeutic effects and side effects is essential.
- Recognizing and responding to adverse drug reactions and drug interactions is needed of nurses.
- Accurate medication dosage and calculation administration are crucial nursing tasks.
- Teaching patients about medications is a vital element of nursing practice.
- When administering medications, nurses should consider individual patient factors.
- Age, weight, organ function, and other medical conditions are examples of individual patient factors
- Pharmacokinetics define how the body affects a drug.
- Absorption refers to when a drug enters the bloodstream.
- Distribution is the movement of a drug from the bloodstream to tissues and organs.
- Metabolism (or biotransformation) is the process by which the body chemically changes a drug.
- Excretion is when a drug is eliminated from the body.
- The liver and kidneys are the primary organs for drug metabolism and excretion.
- Pharmacodynamics defines how a drug affects the body.
- Drugs exert their effects by binding to receptors on cells.
- Agonists activate receptors.
- Antagonists block receptors.
- The dose-response relationship defines the relationship between the dose of a drug and its effect.
- The therapeutic index is a measurement of a drug's safety.
- A higher risk of toxicity is indicated by a narrow therapeutic index.
- Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are unintended and undesirable effects of a drug.
- Side effects are predictable and often unavoidable ADRs.
- Allergic reactions are immune-mediated responses to a drug.
- Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening allergic reaction.
- Drug interactions occur when two or more drugs affect each other's pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamics.
- Some drug interactions can increase the risk of ADRs.
- Some drug interactions can decrease drug effectiveness.
- Nurses should check for potential drug interactions before administering medications.
- Medication orders must include the drug name, dose, route, and frequency.
- Nurses should clarify any unclear or incomplete medication orders with the prescriber.
- The "rights" of medication administration include the right patient, right drug, right dose, right route, right time, and right documentation.
- Additional rights include the right reason, right to refuse, and right evaluation.
- Barcode scanning technology can help prevent medication errors.
- High-alert medications require extra caution due to their potential for causing significant harm.
- Examples of high-alert medications include insulin, opioids, and anticoagulants.
- Education should include the purpose of the medication, how to take it, and potential side effects.
- Patients should be encouraged to report any unusual or bothersome symptoms to their healthcare provider.
- Nurses are crucial in monitoring patients for therapeutic and adverse effects of medications.
- They should document their observations and report any concerns to the prescriber.
- Age-related changes can affect pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
- Infants and elderly patients are often more sensitive to the effects of drugs.
- Renal and hepatic impairment can significantly alter drug metabolism and excretion.
- Genetic factors can influence individuals' responses to drugs.
- Some individuals may be more susceptible to ADRs.
- Some may require different doses of a drug.
- Pregnancy and breastfeeding can affect drug safety for both the mother and the fetus/infant.
- Some drugs are contraindicated during pregnancy or breastfeeding.
- Nurses should consult resources such as drug handbooks and online databases for current medication information.
- For nurses, continuing education is essential to stay up-to-date on new drugs and changes in pharmacology.
- Ethical considerations in pharmacology include informed consent, patient autonomy, and the responsible use of medications.
- Controlled substances are drugs with a high potential for abuse.
- They are regulated by law to prevent misuse and diversion.
- Nurses must follow strict procedures for storing, administering, and documenting controlled substances.
- A placebo effect is a beneficial effect produced by a placebo drug or treatment that is attributed to the patient's belief in that treatment.
- Tolerance is a person's diminished response to a drug from repeated use as their body adapts to its continued presence.
- Dependence is the state of needing something or someone in order to function normally.
- Withdrawal is a group of symptoms from the discontinuation or decrease in intake of medications or recreational drugs.
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