Questions and Answers
Which drug is derived from the plant Foxglove?
What type of source is Premarin, and what is its origin?
Which of the following is NOT a synthetic drug source?
Which option best illustrates the meaning of pharmacology?
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Which of the following compounds is classified as an inorganic compound?
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Which drug is derived from micro-organism sources?
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What is the chemical name for Tylenol?
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What best defines the generic name of a drug?
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Which of these drugs is derived from animal products?
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What defines pharmacokinetics?
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Which of the following is the correct classification of a compound like Aluminium Hydroxide?
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What is a characteristic of synthetic drug sources?
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What is the correct sequence of pharmacokinetic phases a drug may pass through?
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Which statement correctly describes the sublingual route of administration?
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Which of the following could be a common misconception about drug origins?
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How is bioavailability defined?
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What primarily affects the absorption of drugs in the intestines compared to the stomach?
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What is true about the rectal route of administration?
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Which factor does NOT influence drug distribution in the body?
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How does P-glycoprotein influence drug absorption?
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Which route of administration could theoretically achieve 100% bioavailability?
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What occurs immediately after the intravenous administration of a drug?
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Which of the following describes the relationship between cardiac output and blood flow to tissues?
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Which factor would NOT likely benefit drug absorption?
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Which characteristic of capillaries can affect drug distribution?
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Why does thiopental rapidly induce anesthesia in the brain?
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What may result from high expression of P-glycoprotein in the intestines?
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What effect does competitive antagonism have on agonist activity?
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According to Young’s formula, how is the dosage for children calculated?
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Which of the following factors necessitates a reduction in drug dosage for elderly patients?
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For which type of drug is it recommended to increase the dose in obese patients?
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What is the primary reason younger infants are more susceptible to drug effects?
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Why do women generally need smaller doses of drugs compared to men?
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What is the bioavailability percentage for this drug?
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What is the primary reason for the lower bioavailability of orally administered drugs compared to IV drugs?
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Which of the following factors can decrease a drug's oral bioavailability?
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What effect does food in the gut have on drug absorption?
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Which of the following drugs is known to be subjected to significant first-pass metabolism?
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For optimal absorption, a drug should be characterized by which of the following properties?
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What is a primary metabolic barrier that orally administered drugs face before reaching systemic circulation?
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Which of the following statements about hydrophilic drugs is correct?
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Which of the following is an example of a drug that is chemically unstable and can degrade in the stomach?
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What could result in a decreased amount of an active ingredient reaching systemic circulation after oral administration?
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Study Notes
Sources of Drugs
-
Plant Products: Source of many medications, e.g.,
- Fox Glove → Digoxin
- Poppy → Opium
- Belladonna → Atropine
- Coffee → Caffeine
- Tobacco → Nicotine
-
Animal Products: Hormones and other substances derived from animals, e.g.,
- Premarin (conjugated estrogen) from pregnant mares
- Insulin from pigs and cows
- Heparin from pigs and cows
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Inorganic Compounds: Compounds without carbon, e.g.,
- Sodium Chloride (salt)
- Zinc Sulfate (calamine lotion)
- Aluminium Hydroxide
- Synthetic Sources: Lab-derived products, e.g., genetically engineered human insulin.
Drug Names
-
Types of Drug Names:
- Chemical name (e.g., N-acetyl-para-aminophenol)
- Brand name used for marketing
- Generic name recognized officially.
Bioavailability
- Definition: Proportion of the administered drug that reaches systemic circulation intact.
- IV Drugs: 100% bioavailability due to no absorption phase.
-
Factors Influencing Bioavailability:
- First-pass hepatic metabolism reduces bioavailability.
- Solubility affects absorption; hydrophilic drugs poorly cross lipid membranes.
- Food and gut composition can alter absorption rates.
Absorption Factors
- First-pass Effect: Metabolism by liver before reaching systemic circulation.
-
Solubility Characteristics:
- Hydrophobic with some water solubility is ideal for absorption.
- Most drugs are weak acids or bases.
- Blood Flow: Higher in intestines than stomach, aiding in absorption.
Distribution of Drugs
- Definition: Process where drugs leave the bloodstream and enter tissues.
-
Determining Factors:
- Cardiac output and regional blood flow vary across tissues.
- Capillary permeability influences drug delivery.
- Hydrophobicity affects distribution to tissues.
Pharmacokinetics
- Definition: Describes the body's effect on a drug, detailing absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Administration Routes and Considerations
- Sublingual Administration: Bypasses hepatic metabolism, used for drugs with poor GI absorption.
- Rectal Route: Suitable for patients with nausea; however, it is subject to first-pass metabolism.
Drug Efficacy and Antagonism
- Efficacy: Biological response observed with drug administration.
- Types of Antagonism:
- Competitive: Displaced by excess agonist.
- Non-Competitive: Not displaced by excess agonist.
- Partial Agonist: Both stimulates and blocks receptors (e.g., benzodiazepines).
Modifying Dosage and Drug Action
-
Age: Dosage calculations differ for newborns, children, and the elderly, e.g.,
- Clark’s Formula for infants: ( \text{Adult dose} \times \frac{\text{Weight in kgs}}{70} )
- Young’s Formula for children: ( \text{Adult dose} \times \frac{\text{Age in years}}{\text{Age} + 12} )
-
Weight and Surface Area:
- Larger body weight necessitates larger doses; fat and water-soluble drugs are treated differently in obese patients.
- Sex/Gender Differences: Women generally require smaller doses compared to men.
Important Concepts
- High lipid solubility drugs distribute more rapidly to the brain.
- Aging affects drug metabolism and excretion; dosages need adjustment accordingly.
- Most drugs undergo variable metabolic pathways; monitoring is essential for efficacy and safety.
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Description
Explore the fundamental concepts of Nursing Pharmacology in this introductory quiz. Discover the sources of various drugs and their significance in nursing practices. Test your knowledge and understanding of pharmacological principles relevant to nursing.
