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Questions and Answers
What is a common consequence of mechanical injury to cells and tissues?
What is a common consequence of mechanical injury to cells and tissues?
- Increased oxygen supply to the area
- Loss of nerve function
- Rupture of cell walls (correct)
- Decreased capillary permeability
What type of cells form the outside covering of the body?
What type of cells form the outside covering of the body?
- Muscle cells
- Nerve cells
- Epithelial cells (correct)
- Connective tissue cells
Which chemical is NOT listed as a cause of injury to cells and tissues?
Which chemical is NOT listed as a cause of injury to cells and tissues?
- Plant toxins (correct)
- Alcohol
- Arsenic
- Lead
What role does ribonucleic acid (RNA) within the nucleoli serve?
What role does ribonucleic acid (RNA) within the nucleoli serve?
What is a result of excessive light and noise exposure to the body?
What is a result of excessive light and noise exposure to the body?
How does electrical injury primarily affect cells?
How does electrical injury primarily affect cells?
What happens to capillaries when tissues are injured?
What happens to capillaries when tissues are injured?
What primarily composes the cytoplasm of cells?
What primarily composes the cytoplasm of cells?
What is the recommended action for protruding objects in the eye?
What is the recommended action for protruding objects in the eye?
Which condition involves the turning inward of the eyelid?
Which condition involves the turning inward of the eyelid?
What is a common benign lesion on the conjunctiva called?
What is a common benign lesion on the conjunctiva called?
In cases of penetrating eye injuries, what is crucial to do with the patient before surgery?
In cases of penetrating eye injuries, what is crucial to do with the patient before surgery?
What is a potential consequence of ectropion?
What is a potential consequence of ectropion?
What is the primary role of leukocytosis during inflammation?
What is the primary role of leukocytosis during inflammation?
Which of the following is a systemic manifestation of local injury?
Which of the following is a systemic manifestation of local injury?
What is the purpose of putting a sign on a patient's door regarding rest periods?
What is the purpose of putting a sign on a patient's door regarding rest periods?
How does elevation of an affected part aid in healing?
How does elevation of an affected part aid in healing?
What characterizes serous exudate?
What characterizes serous exudate?
What impact does rest have on the healing process?
What impact does rest have on the healing process?
What describes the function of exudate produced during inflammation?
What describes the function of exudate produced during inflammation?
Which type of exudate is typically associated with blister formation?
Which type of exudate is typically associated with blister formation?
What is the primary focus of treatment for squint?
What is the primary focus of treatment for squint?
Which type of squint involves inward turning of the eye?
Which type of squint involves inward turning of the eye?
Why is monitoring blood saturation essential in premature infants?
Why is monitoring blood saturation essential in premature infants?
What is a common clinical manifestation of squint?
What is a common clinical manifestation of squint?
When should indirect ophthalmoscopy be performed in premature infants?
When should indirect ophthalmoscopy be performed in premature infants?
What corrective measure might be applied to manage an amblyopic eye?
What corrective measure might be applied to manage an amblyopic eye?
What can happen to a baby with untreated squint?
What can happen to a baby with untreated squint?
Which of the following is a type of squint that involves outward turning of the eye?
Which of the following is a type of squint that involves outward turning of the eye?
What is necessary for the patient to accept the removal of an eye?
What is necessary for the patient to accept the removal of an eye?
Which of the following is true regarding artificial eyes?
Which of the following is true regarding artificial eyes?
Why is counseling essential for patients before eye removal?
Why is counseling essential for patients before eye removal?
For which condition is immediate referral to an ophthalmologist necessary?
For which condition is immediate referral to an ophthalmologist necessary?
What general preventive measure should be taken to avoid spreading eye conditions?
What general preventive measure should be taken to avoid spreading eye conditions?
When should red reflex tests be conducted in children?
When should red reflex tests be conducted in children?
Which statement is true about common eye injuries?
Which statement is true about common eye injuries?
What is a major cause of congenital ocular conditions?
What is a major cause of congenital ocular conditions?
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Study Notes
Inflammation
- Local injury can trigger systemic responses as chemical mediators are released into the bloodstream.
- Systemic manifestations of inflammation include fever, tachycardia, anorexia, malaise, painful and palpable nodes.
- Types of Exudate:
- Serous Exudate: Present in early stages of inflammation. Contains fluid and small amounts of dead cells.
- Exudate inside wounds has antimicrobial properties, cleanses and protects the wound, and provides a moist environment to prevent dehydration and necrosis.
Nursing Management of Inflammation
- Rest:
- Reduces oxygen demand, aiding healing.
- Inflamed area should remain unmoved for comfort.
- Explain the importance of rest to the patient and plan rest periods.
- Elevation of the Affected Part:
- Relieves edema and pain.
- Improves venous return and circulation.
Causes of Cell and Tissue injury
- Mechanical Injury:
- Causes cells and tissues to rupture, increasing capillary permeability.
- Leads to leakage of fluids and swelling (edema), causing pain and impaired function.
- Chemicals:
- Arsenic, lead, cyanide, pesticides, carbon monoxide, alcohol, and bacterial exotoxins can cause cell and tissue damage.
- Excessive Light and Noise:
- Can damage the cornea and ears, respectively.
- Electrical Injury:
- Destroys cells through heat generation and burns.
Cell Structures
- Nucleus:
- Surrounded by a double membrane called the nuclear envelope.
- Contains the genetic material (DNA) in the form of chromatin threads.
- DNA cannot pass through the nuclear envelope into the cytoplasm.
- Contains one or more nucleoli, where RNA is synthesized.
- Cytoplasm:
- Composed of water, electrolytes, lipids, and organic molecules.
- Electrolytes are important for cell function.
Tissues and Organs
- Tissues: Groups of cells that work together.
- Organs: Made up of different tissues that function together.
- Epithelial Cells:
- Form layers, covering the body and lining body cavities.
- Examples include skin, linings of blood vessels, and mucous membranes.
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