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Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of studying growth and development in nursing?
What is the primary purpose of studying growth and development in nursing?
- To understand the importance of growth and development in children
- To understand the importance of growth and development in adults only
- To better understand the reasons for specific conditions and illnesses at various age groups (correct)
- To learn how to measure growth and development quantitatively
What is the main difference between growth and development?
What is the main difference between growth and development?
- Growth is a rapid process, while development is a slow process
- Growth is a qualitative measure, while development is a quantitative measure
- Growth is a quantitative measure, while development is a qualitative measure (correct)
- Growth refers to physical changes, while development refers to emotional changes
What is a fundamental principle of growth and development?
What is a fundamental principle of growth and development?
- Growth and development are continuous processes (correct)
- Growth and development only occur in childhood
- Growth and development progress at the same rate
- Growth and development are rapid processes
What is the role of health personnel in teaching mothers about growth and development?
What is the role of health personnel in teaching mothers about growth and development?
What is true about the sequence of growth and development?
What is true about the sequence of growth and development?
What is the primary goal of formulating a plan for total care in nursing?
What is the primary goal of formulating a plan for total care in nursing?
What is the primary purpose of crying in a newborn?
What is the primary purpose of crying in a newborn?
What is the score range for a newborn that usually needs no treatment?
What is the score range for a newborn that usually needs no treatment?
What is the typical heart rate of a newborn during the initial stage of the first period of reactivity?
What is the typical heart rate of a newborn during the initial stage of the first period of reactivity?
What occurs during the second stage of the first period of reactivity?
What occurs during the second stage of the first period of reactivity?
When does the second period of reactivity typically begin?
When does the second period of reactivity typically begin?
What is the purpose of the Apgar scoring system?
What is the purpose of the Apgar scoring system?
What is the purpose of measuring the popliteal angle?
What is the purpose of measuring the popliteal angle?
What is the characteristic of the skin at birth?
What is the characteristic of the skin at birth?
What is the function of vernix caseosa?
What is the function of vernix caseosa?
What is the normal range of the popliteal angle?
What is the normal range of the popliteal angle?
What is the scarf sign used to determine?
What is the scarf sign used to determine?
What happens to vernix caseosa within 24-48 hours?
What happens to vernix caseosa within 24-48 hours?
What is the duration of the fetal period?
What is the duration of the fetal period?
What is the age range for the pre-school stage?
What is the age range for the pre-school stage?
During which stage does the individual lose 5% to 10% of their weight?
During which stage does the individual lose 5% to 10% of their weight?
What is the average length of a newborn boy?
What is the average length of a newborn boy?
What is the typical gain in weight for a newborn in the first month?
What is the typical gain in weight for a newborn in the first month?
What percentage of the total body length is the head of a newborn?
What percentage of the total body length is the head of a newborn?
What is the purpose of the gagging reflex in neonates?
What is the purpose of the gagging reflex in neonates?
At what week of pregnancy does the sucking reflex start to develop?
At what week of pregnancy does the sucking reflex start to develop?
What happens when a baby's head is turned to one side during the tonic neck reflex?
What happens when a baby's head is turned to one side during the tonic neck reflex?
What triggers the Moro reflex in a baby?
What triggers the Moro reflex in a baby?
What is the purpose of the rooting reflex in neonates?
What is the purpose of the rooting reflex in neonates?
How long does the rooting reflex typically last in a baby?
How long does the rooting reflex typically last in a baby?
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Study Notes
Human Development Stages
- Fetal period: 8 weeks to birth (40-42 weeks of gestation)
- Infancy period:
- Newborn age: First 24 hours
- Neonatal stage: From birth to 4 weeks (28 days)
- Infancy stage: From 1-12 months of age
- Early Childhood:
- Toddler: From 1-3 years of age
- Pre-school: From 3-5 years of age
- Middle Childhood:
- School age period: From 6-12 years of age
- Late Childhood:
- Prepubertal: 10-13 years old
- Adolescence: 13-approximately 18 years old
Newborn Characteristics
- Weight: 2.7-4 kg, losing 5-10% in the first 3-4 days
- Length: Average boy's length is 50 cm, girl's is 49 cm (normal range: 48-53 cm)
- Head circumference: 33-35.5 cm, may be smaller immediately after birth due to molding
- Creases on the anterior two-thirds of the sole, and the sole is usually flat
Neonatal Reflexes
- Protective reflexes:
- Blinking reflex: aroused by light
- Coughing and sneezing: to clear the respiratory tract
- Gagging: to prevent choking
- Feeding reflexes:
- Rooting reflex: helps the baby find the breast or bottle to start feeding
- Sucking reflex: occurs when the roof of the baby's mouth is touched
- Swallowing reflex: follows sucking reflex
- Moro reflex: a startle reflex that occurs in response to a loud sound or movement
- Tonic neck reflex: when the baby's head is turned to one side, the arm on that side stretches out
Importance of Studying Growth and Development
- Knowing what growth and development would be expected from the child and adult at any given age
- Understanding the reason for particular conditions and illnesses that occur in various age groups
- Formulating the plan for total care
- Teaching mothers how to use such knowledge in achieving their children's optimal growth and development
Concepts of Growth and Development
- Growth: an increase in physical size of the whole body or any of its parts
- Development: a progressive increase in skill and capacity of function through maturation and learning
Principles of Growth and Development
- Continuous processes
- Predictable sequence, as all human beings go through the same stages
- Different rates of growth and development
Apgar Score
- Apgar score is 10, which indicates the state of cardiopulmonary function
- Scores 4 or less indicate the child needs oxygen
- Scores 7-10 indicate the child usually needs no treatment
Periods of Reactivity
- First period of reactivity (6-8 hours)
- Initial stage (30 minutes): The newborn is very alert and cries vigorously
- Second stage (2-4 hours): The newborn is in a state of sleep and relative calm
- Second period of reactivity (2-5 hours)
- Begins when the newborn awakes from the deep sleep
- Observe rapidity and intensity of recoil to a state of flexion
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