Nursing Exam I Review - Chapter 1

Nursing Exam I Review - Chapter 1

• Nurses work together to care for individuals, optimizing patient and familial health and well-being
• Core values include dignity, integrity, autonomy, altruism, and social justice
• The ANA (American Nursing Association) develops, revises, and maintains the scope of practice statement and standards for all professional nurses
• Human dignity recognizes the inherent value of all people, regardless of race, class, or age. Respect for each individual is essential.
• Integrity involves honesty and fairness. Nurses should possess high moral principles
• Autonomy includes nurses being able to put their skills into practice, work independently, and make professional decisions with self-determination
• Altruism involves empathy for patients, other nurses, and healthcare providers. This includes the ability to speak up for their needs
• Social Justice encompasses equal rights for all, including the right to good health and equal opportunity to obtain it.

Nursing Exam I Review - Chapter 2

• Health care associations (MCOs, PPOs, Medicare, Medicaid, SCHIP, ACA) have distinct functions and roles in healthcare.
• Population wellness involves shifting from managing illnesses to promoting the health of communities and environments.
• Primary care focuses on improving health outcomes and includes health promotion programs.
• Secondary care addresses acute care situations, and Tertiary care involves more specialization, such as hospital care.

Nursing Exam I Review - Chapter 5

• Evidence-based practice combines a nurse's knowledge and patient data with current research to provide optimal healthcare.
• Quality and safety are essential factors in healthcare.
• Technology influences the accuracy, non-invasive assessment, and management of knowledge in health practices.
• Genomes and their knowledge is important for influencing health outcomes and improved use of technology with better health outcomes.

Nursing Exam I Review - Chapter 6

• Outcomes research helps make informed decisions based on evidence.
• Healthy People 2030 aims for long, healthy lives by identifying health priorities.
• Health is a comprehensive state of physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease.
• Models, like the Health Belief model or the Health Promotion model, explain complex concepts related to health.

Nursing Exam I Review - Chapter 7

• AONE defines caring and knowledge as the core competencies in nursing, highlighting their connection to patient experience.
• Various theoretical views, such as Leininger's, Watson's, and Swanson's, explore caring as a key element of nursing practice.
• Common themes across caring theories highlight the relationship-centered nature of caring, the recognition of the absence of caring, the importance of enabling, and the patient perspective.

Nursing Exam I Review - Chapter 9

• Culture shapes individual thinking, decisions, and actions within healthcare. 
• Unconscious biases, stereotypes, and health disparities are crucial factors in healthcare.
• Culturally congruent care focuses on respecting patient values, beliefs, and practices.
• Cultural competence is vital for sensitive, appropriate, and effective care.
• World views, including both insider and outsider perspectives, provide frameworks for understanding diverse cultural contexts.

Nursing Exam I Review - Chapter 10, 11

• Disease is characterized by malfunctioning biological or psychological processes.
• Illness emphasizes the individual and family's reactions to disease, impacted by cultural factors.
• Cultural skills involve collecting patient histories, assessing health literacy, using culturally appropriate assessments, employing teach-back methods, and working with interpreters.
• Cultural encounters and desires promote a broad spectrum of responses to patients' beliefs and values.
• The LEARN model provides a patient-centered approach involving listening, explaining, acknowledging, recommending, and negotiating.

Nursing Exam I Review - Chapter 13-16

• Illness encompasses a range of states, from short-term, acute conditions to persistent, chronic illnesses.
• Illness behavior involves how individuals monitor, define, and interpret their symptoms.
• Variables influencing health practices and beliefs include internal factors like developmental stage, intellectual background, perceptions of functioning, and emotional factors.
• External factors include spiritual/belief systems, social determinants, and external factors.
• The importance of self-care for nurses in dealing with patients' needs.
• Understanding the scientific method and research methodology, minimizing bias and using scientific rigor.

Nursing Exam I Review - Chapter 17,18

• Risk factors encompass those that are nonmodifiable (like age, gender, genetics) and modifiable (like lifestyle choices).
• Risk factors, both internal and external, contribute to health inequities.
• The stages of change- The Transtheoretical Model of Change helps assess patients' readiness and motivation for behavior change.
• Nurses should recognize and work to mitigate these, to deliver high-quality, personalized care.