Nursing Ethics: Values and Beliefs

• Nurses are exposed to daily work and experience of birth, death, and suffering, thus needing to morally decide their actions concerning ethical issues.
• Nurses support and advocate for clients and assist families when facing difficult choices, developing sensitivity to the ethical dimensions of nursing practice.

Values

• Values are enduring beliefs or attitudes about the worth of a person, object, idea, or action, influencing nurses' ethical decision-making, derived from work, family, religion, politics, money, and relationships
• Value system is basic to the ways of life, giving direction and forming the basis of behavior, while beliefs and attitudes are related but not identical to values.
• People have many beliefs and attitudes, but have a smaller number of values.

Beliefs/Opinion

• Beliefs/opinions are interpretations or conclusions people accept as true, based on faith rather than fact, not necessarily involving values.
• Beliefs are an internal feeling that something is true, even though unproven or irrational.

Attitudes

• Attitudes are mental positions or feelings towards a person, object, or idea, lasting longer than beliefs, and are often judged as good or bad, positive or negative.
• Attitudes express or apply one's beliefs and values through words and behavior.

Value Transmission

• Value transmission is learned through observation and experience, influenced by a person's socio-cultural environment and internalized derived values from society and subgroups.

Professional Values

• Professional values are acquired during socialization into nursing from codes of ethics, nursing experience, teachers, and peers.

Values Clarification

• Values clarification is a process for people to identify, examine, and develop their own values, promoting personal growth, awareness, empathy, and insight, which is an important step for nurses in dealing with ethical problems.
• Nurses need to reflect on the values they hold about life, death, health, and illness.
• Nurses hold both personal and professional values

Clarifying Client Values

• To plan effective client-centered care, nurses need to identify client values as they influence and relate to a particular health problem.
  • List all alternatives.
  • Examine possible consequences of choices.
  • Choose freely.
  • Feeling about the choice.
  • Affirm the choice.
  • Act with a pattern.

Ethics

• Ethics is the study of morality, a method of inquiry that helps people understand the morality of human behavior.
• It is also the practice of beliefs of a certain group, like medical or nursing ethics, acting as the expected standard of moral behavior described in the group's formal professional code of ethics.

Bioethics

• Bioethics are ethics applied to human life or health decisions.

Nursing Ethics

• Nursing ethics are ethical issues that occur in nursing practice.

Health Ethics

• Health ethics is a branch of ethics dealing with ethical issues in health, healthcare, medicine, and science, involving discussions about treatment choices and care options for individuals, families, and health providers.
• Health ethics require critical reflection upon the relationships between health care professionals and those they serve, and the programs, systems, and structures developed to improve population health.

Health Care Ethics

• Health care ethics, aka Medical Ethics, is the application of the core principles of bioethics to medical and health care decisions while using a multidisciplinary lens to view complex issues and make recommendations.

Morality or Moral

• Morality is similar to ethics, referring to personal standards of right and wrong in conduct, character, and attitude, while, in contrast to Laws, they reflect the moral values to offer guidance in determining what is moral.

Moral Development

• Moral development is the learning process to tell the difference between right and wrong Nurses use moral theories in developing explanations for ethical decisions and actions in discussing problem situations.

Theories

• Consequence-based (Teleological) Theories look to the outcomes (consequences) of an action in judging whether that action is right or wrong, focusing on issues of fairness.
• Utilitarianism is consequentialist theory, viewing a good act as most useful, bringing the most good and least harm to the greatest number and used in healthcare funding and Normative ethical theory that places the locus of right and wrong solely on choosing one action/policy over other actions/policies.

Utility

• Utility is the state of being useful, profitable, or beneficial, and has worth or value.

Principle-based (Deontological) Theories

• Principle-based theories emphasize individual rights, duties, and obligations, where the morality of an action is determined not by consequences but by objective principles that derive from divine commandment and are religiously obligated not to steal, lie, or cheat.

Relationship-based (Caring) Theories

• Relationship-based theories stress courage, generosity, commitment, nurturing, and maintaining relationships, judging actions according to caring and responsibility
• They promote the common good or the welfare of the group.

Morale Principles

• Morale principles are statements that provide the foundation for moral rules, which are specific prescription for actions adhering to ethical principles

Justice

• Justice is fairness, where nurses must be fair in distributing care among patients
• Care must be fairly, justly, and equitably distributed among a group of patients.

Beneficence

• Beneficence is doing good and the right thing for the patient.

Nonmaleficence

• Nonmaleficence is doing no harm, as stated in the historical Hippocratic Oath.

Accountability

• Accountability is accepting responsibility for one's own actions; nurses are accountable for their nursing care and must accept all of the professional and personal consequences that can occur as the result.

Fidelity

• Fidelity is keeping one's promises
• The nurse must be faithful, true to their professional responsibilities, and provide high-quality, safe care in a competent manner.

Autonomy and Patient Self-Determination

• This upheld autonomy when accepting the client as a unique person who can have the innate right to their own opinions, perspectives, values and beliefs.
• Nurses encourage patients to make their own decisions without judgments or coercion, with the right to reject or accept all treatments.

Veracity

• Veracity is being completely truthful with patients

Confidentiality

• Confidentiality prevents unauthorized use or disclosure of information

Privacy

• Privacy is the concept most often associated with personal data

Patients' Right

• A patient's right to vary in cultures, norms, and political juristictions.
• Different models of the patient-physician relation—can also be the citizen-state relationship

Patient's Bill of Rights

• It guarantees patients information, fair treatment, medical decisions, may take law of non-binding declaration

Informed Consent

• It empowers decision making with patient
• Patients should have the most important opportunity to part take

Proxy

• Person who is designated by another or one who represents

Living wills

• These are legal instructions

Advance directives

• Guide choices for doctors and caregivers, end-of-life situations, preparation is important

Power of attorney

• Medical or Healthcare power of attorney is the act representing a patient with or in substitute of choices

CPR

• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation restarts the the heart

Mechanical ventilation

• Mechanical ventilation breath if the body is unable to

Tubefeeding

• Tubefeeding provides nutrients and fluid via stomach

Dialysis

• Dialysis removes blood waste

Antibiotics

• Antibiotics treat infections, course of life and care

Palliative care

• Includes inventions that will keep a patient more comfortable

Organ and tissue donations

• Specified in the living will

Donating you body

• Specify can be done through donation

Do Not Resuscitate

• Does not need written advance

Principle is Double Effect

• Explains the actions that cause effects such as death to a side effect

Double Effect

• Introduced by thomas aquinas
• saving ones life

Principle of Legitimate Cooperation

• This portrays more that one person in a scenario in which their actions are being evaluated
• Catholics focus on morality, never do anything morally permicable

Material Cooperation

• Agent unwillingly provide to the actions through indirect intention

Immediate Material Cooperation

• the action can't be preformed or could not do without person assiting

Mediate Material Cooperation

• Principle that do not share the commision of intent

principle common good

• Morally correct benefit majority and equal access service's and or goods
• The principle or moral correct that benefits the most majority.

Subsidiarity

• Responsibility to meet humane needs,

PRINCIPLE OF STEWARDSHIP

• The responsbility of a given resources of talented treasure, enhances one's relationships

Christ like stewardship

• The lifelong commitment
• utilizing and managing all resources for goodness of creation

Nurse stewards

• Hold change in nursing practice

Ethical issues

• Sterilization and Mutilation is alteration ,or regeneration

Direct act

• Destroying the abillity to pro creators

INDIRECT act

• Not intended rather due to efffects

Integrity act

• Refer of individual duty to preserve a view of humanism in the body system

anatomal body act

• material integrity

functional body act

• systematic efficiency

Sexualization body

• Not to create and act upon sexual life

Ordinary care

• Ordinary care is obilatory however extra can became under situation

Extra Ordinary care

• Care whhose provison involves diproportionate ,more of a buburden and morally olbligatory

Ordinary mean

• Reasonable hope benefit success

Extraordinary Means

• Nor reasonable benefit success

principle

• Reserved marriages, acts openness for new life

personalized

• the understanding as the basic traits

Sexuality

• about choices of indentift LGBTQQIA
• Stright ,Gay

Human replroduction

• It is to produce protection
• To produce nourishment

Core values

• Integrity .caring

Hall's three aspects

• The person core

The 5 Cs

• Committed ,caring

Legal marraige

• Socailized

Marraige act

• Contracts for men and women

Strong beliefs

• Humans are both

Sexual issues

• Understanding evalutate

ethics on sex

• The contact of perosnal social perspetives

human sexuality

• Sociality cultural

Deontology act

• morally in action

concensualize action

• maximize personal welllbeings

identification or concensuals act

• the own geneder and or identifies as they are

Cisgeneder

• whose identiifcation matches

tran-geneder

• when the gemder diffres from one is assigned

Sexual consent

• when attarction or people and or sexualize

key principles

• moral obilagitions

sex relations

• physical contat
• can Invoive it
• moral comitment
• consent truth sexual relation

Intimmacy

• feelings connectiveness
• emotional intimacy
• intellectal
• phyhiscalse

Contraception

• Sterilize for abotion

engenics

• Aimed at improived genetic components
• lead too immoral act