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Questions and Answers
What percentage of an adult's body weight consists of water?
What percentage of an adult's body weight consists of water?
- 10% to 20%
- 30% to 40%
- 50% to 60% (correct)
- 70% to 80%
When administering intravenous (IV) fluids, when could dehydration become lethal?
When administering intravenous (IV) fluids, when could dehydration become lethal?
- If the patient loses 5% of body fluid
- If the patient loses 20% of body fluid (correct)
- If the patient loses 10% of body fluid
- If the patient loses 15% of body fluid
What do the interstitial and intravascular compartments combine to form?
What do the interstitial and intravascular compartments combine to form?
- Intercellular compartment
- Vertical compartment
- Circulating compartment
- Extracellular compartment (correct)
What is the recommended daily amount of fluid for an adult?
What is the recommended daily amount of fluid for an adult?
What is the minimum hourly urine output the kidneys must produce to remove waste?
What is the minimum hourly urine output the kidneys must produce to remove waste?
What is a simple and accurate method of determining water balance?
What is a simple and accurate method of determining water balance?
To carry out their function, what must substances enter after being absorbed into the extracellular compartment?
To carry out their function, what must substances enter after being absorbed into the extracellular compartment?
What is the method by which inhaled oxygen is moved into the intravascular compartment called?
What is the method by which inhaled oxygen is moved into the intravascular compartment called?
What is the movement of water from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration called?
What is the movement of water from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration called?
What does actively transporting electrolytes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration require?
What does actively transporting electrolytes from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration require?
What does 1 milliequivalent of potassium have the same combining power as?
What does 1 milliequivalent of potassium have the same combining power as?
Sodium is the major electrolyte in which fluid compartment?
Sodium is the major electrolyte in which fluid compartment?
What level will adequate intake of meat and legumes help to increase in a lactating mother?
What level will adequate intake of meat and legumes help to increase in a lactating mother?
What is a patient with retained fluid considered to be?
What is a patient with retained fluid considered to be?
What should the nurse assess for in a patient with hypokalemia?
What should the nurse assess for in a patient with hypokalemia?
What nursing assessment should be included for a patient with calcium levels of 6.2 mEq/L?
What nursing assessment should be included for a patient with calcium levels of 6.2 mEq/L?
What is the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate needed for homeostasis of hydrogen ion concentration?
What is the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate needed for homeostasis of hydrogen ion concentration?
What state does a patient with a blood pH of 7.10 likely have?
What state does a patient with a blood pH of 7.10 likely have?
What should the nurse expect when assessing a patient with respiratory alkalosis?
What should the nurse expect when assessing a patient with respiratory alkalosis?
What is the order of effectiveness for the three systems that maintain pH in the normal range?
What is the order of effectiveness for the three systems that maintain pH in the normal range?
What results if hyperventilation continues in a patient with extreme anxiety?
What results if hyperventilation continues in a patient with extreme anxiety?
What is the result of vomiting stomach contents?
What is the result of vomiting stomach contents?
What should the nurse focus on when creating a care plan for a patient with metabolic acidosis?
What should the nurse focus on when creating a care plan for a patient with metabolic acidosis?
What food choices indicate ineffective teaching regarding potassium intake?
What food choices indicate ineffective teaching regarding potassium intake?
What are the three types of passive transport?
What are the three types of passive transport?
What are the three buffer systems of the body?
What are the three buffer systems of the body?
What is the minimum urine output expected from an adult with normal kidney function in 4 hours?
What is the minimum urine output expected from an adult with normal kidney function in 4 hours?
What condition is caused by retained CO2 due to ineffective exhalation during an asthma attack?
What condition is caused by retained CO2 due to ineffective exhalation during an asthma attack?
What is the approximate daily loss of water through respiration in an adult?
What is the approximate daily loss of water through respiration in an adult?
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Study Notes
Body Water Composition
- Adults’ body water percentage is approximately 50% to 60%.
- This percentage decreases with age.
Dehydration Risks
- A loss of 20% body fluid in adults can be fatal.
- Early signs of dehydration should be closely monitored.
Fluid Compartments
- Interstitial and intravascular fluids combine to form the extracellular compartment.
- Intracellular fluid functions require substances to enter the intracellular compartment.
Daily Fluid Requirements
- Recommended daily fluid intake for adults is around 2200-2700 mL.
- Maintaining fluid balance is crucial for homeostasis.
Kidney Function and Waste Removal
- Minimum hourly urine output required for waste elimination is 30 mL.
- Accurate intake and output records help assess kidney efficiency.
Assessing Water Balance
- Daily weight measurement under consistent conditions is a simple method for determining water balance.
Transport Processes
- Passive transport allows substances like oxygen to move into the intravascular compartment via diffusion.
- Osmosis refers to water movement between compartments based on concentration gradients.
Electrolyte Transport
- Electrolytes are actively transported from high to low concentrations using hydrostatic pressure.
- One milliequivalent of any electrolyte has the same combining power as one milliequivalent of hydrogen.
Key Electrolytes
- Sodium is the main extracellular electrolyte, essential for maintaining homeostasis.
- Increased phosphorus intake is advised for lactating mothers.
Fluid Retention Conditions
- Hypernatremia indicates a greater-than-normal concentration of sodium, resulting in fluid retention and edema.
- Hypokalemia can lead to significant cardiac complications.
Nursing Care Considerations
- Assess for renal calculi in immobilized patients with low calcium levels.
- Identify tetany and muscle weakness as symptoms of respiratory alkalosis.
Acid-Base Balance
- Homeostasis of pH relies on the ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate, ideally 1:20.
- Metabolic acidosis is indicated by a blood pH below 7.35.
Effects of Hyperventilation
- Hyperventilation leads to respiratory alkalosis due to excessive CO2 loss.
- Prolonged vomiting can result in metabolic alkalosis.
Therapeutic Nursing Actions
- Encourage deep-breathing exercises in patients with metabolic acidosis to increase blood pH.
- Educate patients to avoid potassium-rich foods, such as apricots and asparagus.
Passive Transport Types
- The three types of passive transport mechanisms include diffusion, osmosis, and filtration.
Body's Buffer Systems
- The body's buffer systems consist of bicarbonate/carbonic acid, respiratory, and renal systems.
Urine Output Standards
- An adult with normal kidney function should void at least 120 mL of urine in a 4-hour period.
Respiratory Conditions
- Over-retention of CO2 due to asthma attacks leads to respiratory acidosis.
- On average, adults lose about 350 mL of water through respiration daily.
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