Nursing Chapter 1

Study Notes

Nursing as a Profession

To act professionally, nurses must use critical thinking skills, administer quality patient-centered care, and be responsible and accountable.
They must understand the scope of professional nursing practice and its influence on patients, their families, and communities.

Science and Art of Nursing Practice

Nursing requires current knowledge and practice standards, an insightful and compassionate approach, and critical thinking and clinical judgment.

Benner's Novice to Expert Model

Novice: Beginner nurse student with no nursing experience.
Advanced Beginner: Some level of experience, possibly only observational.
Competent: A nurse with 2-3 years of experience in the same clinical position.
Proficient: A nurse with more than 2-3 years of experience.
Expert: A nurse with diverse experience who has an intuitive grasp of an existing or potential clinical problem.

American Nurses Association (ANA)

Nursing: Scope and Standards of Practice includes standards of professional nursing practice, standards of professional performance, and a code of ethics.
The Nursing Process is a model for clinical decision making, consisting of:
Assessment
Diagnosis
Outcomes identification
Planning
Implementation
Evaluation
ANA Standards of Professional Performance include:
Ethics
Advocacy
Respectful and equitable practice
Communication
Collaboration
Leadership
Education
Scholarly inquiry
Quality of practice
Professional practice evaluation
Resource stewardship
Environmental evaluation

Professional Responsibilities and Roles

Autonomy and accountability
Caregiver
Advocate
Educator
Communicator
Manager

Career Development

Clinician
Advanced practice registered nurses (APRNs):
Clinical nurse specialist
Nurse practitioner
Certified nurse-midwife
Certified registered nurse anesthetist
Nurse educator
Nurse administrator
Nurse researcher

Historical Influences

Florence Nightingale:
Established first nursing philosophy (Nursing Theory) based on health maintenance and restoration.
Organized first program for training nurses.
First practicing epidemiologist.
Improved sanitation in battlefield hospitals.
Practices remain a basic part of nursing today.
Other historical figures:
Clara Barton
Dorthea Lynde Dix
Mary Ann Ball (Mother Bickerdyke)
Harriet Tubman
Mary Mahoney
Isabel Hampton Robb
Lillian Wald
Mary Brewster

Twentieth Century Developments

Movement toward scientific, research-based practice and defined body of knowledge.
Nurses assumed expanded roles.
Key events:
1906: Mary Adelaide Nutting moved nursing education into universities.
1920s: Nursing specialization began.
1990: ANA established Center for Ethics and Human Rights.
1994: University of Washington Medical Center became the first Magnet-designated organization.

Twenty-First Century Developments

Nurses are revising nursing practice and school curricula to meet the ever-changing needs of society.
Key challenges:
Aging population
Cultural diversity
Bioterrorism
Emerging infections
Disaster management

Contemporary Influences

Importance of nurses' self-care
Health care reform and costs
Demographic changes
Medically underserved populations

Trends in Nursing

Evidence-based practice
Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN)
Impact of emerging technologies
Genomics
Public perception of nursing

Description

Explore the role of nursing as a profession, including critical thinking, patient-centered care, and accountability. Learn about the scope of professional nursing practice and its impact on patients and communities.