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Nursing Care for Peripheral Vascular Disease
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Nursing Care for Peripheral Vascular Disease

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Questions and Answers

What is Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)?

  • Condition that disrupts flow through the peripheral blood and lymphatic system (correct)
  • Condition that only occurs in individuals over 70
  • Condition unrelated to blood circulation
  • Condition affecting only the arteries in the heart
  • What is the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)?

    A test that compares blood pressure at the ankle with the pressure at the brachial artery using a Doppler probe.

    What does plethysmography evaluate?

    Arterial blood flow in the lower extremities.

    What is the purpose of a Treadmill/Exercise Tolerance Test?

    <p>To help diagnose PAD and claudication by assessing leg pain during exercise.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Arteriography is used to visualize areas of decreased arterial flow on an X-ray.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of PAD management?

    <p>To reduce symptoms and prevent the progression of arterial disease and cardiovascular complications.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a risk factor for PAD?

    <p>Age over 65</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following medications with their use in PAD management:

    <p>Pentoxifylline (Trental) = Reduces platelet aggregation Cilostazol (Plavix) = Reduces the risk of thromboemboli Aspirin = Antiplatelet agent Clopidogrel = ADP inhibitor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ___ is a type of Arteriosclerosis.

    <p>Atherosclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Raynaud's disease is characterized by intermittent vasoconstriction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following are assessment findings for Raynaud's disease?

    <p>Cyanosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary management strategy for Compartment Syndrome?

    <p>Surgical intervention may be required to relieve pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of Virchow's Triad?

    <p>Vessel wall injury, venous stasis, hypercoagulability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Warfarin requires consistent vitamin K intake to be effective.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a TED (Thrombo-Embolic Deterrent) hose?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key management strategy for DVT?

    <p>Anticoagulant therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)

    • Disrupted blood flow in the peripheral blood and lymphatic system affecting oxygen and nutrient delivery
    • Includes peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and peripheral venous disease (DVT)

    Diagnostic Tests for PAD

    • Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI): Compares blood pressure at ankle and brachial artery using a Doppler probe.
    • Plethysmography: Assesses arterial blood flow in the lower extremities.
    • Treadmill/Exercise Tolerance Test: Evaluates for claudication through walking, noting leg pain due to arterial narrowing.
    • Arteriography: X-ray with contrast medium to visualize areas of reduced blood flow.
    • MRI: Uses contrast to visualize blood flow through peripheral arteries.

    Clinical Tools and Assessments

    • Bedside Doppler: Measures difficulty in detecting pulses; identifies differences in bilateral pulses.
    • PAD Risk Factors: Includes age (over 65), male gender, family history, African American ethnicity, atherosclerosis, obesity, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, sedentary lifestyle.

    Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis

    • Atherosclerosis: Slow buildup of lipid particles reducing blood flow; a form of arteriosclerosis.
    • Arteriosclerosis: Hardening or thickening of arterial walls; most common arterial disease.

    PAD Assessment Findings

    • Indicators include decreased/non-palpable pedal pulses, rest pain, hair loss, cold/cyanotic extremities, pallor with elevation, rubor, and intermittent claudication.

    Intermittent Claudication

    • Pain during exercise due to inadequate oxygen delivery in narrowed arteries.

    Management and Goals for PAD

    • Aims to reduce symptoms and prevent disease progression through diet, exercise, weight loss, and smoking cessation.

    Medications for PAD

    • Pentoxifylline (Trental): Reduces platelet aggregation; therapeutic effects seen in 8 weeks.
    • Cilostazol (Plavix): Lowers thromboemboli risk.
    • Aspirin and Clopidogrel: Antiplatelet agents.
    • Additional medications include statins and ACE inhibitors.

    Raynaud's Disease

    • Functional PAD with intermittent vasoconstriction; more common in women.
    • Assessment involves pallor, cyanosis, rubor, and pain.

    Buerger's Disease

    • Exclusively linked to tobacco use; causes inflammation of smaller vessels.

    Critical Limb Ischemia

    • Severe, chronic blood flow decrease to lower extremities, potentially leading to infection and limb loss.

    Arterial Ulcers

    • Characteristics include small, deep, circular wounds with cold skin temperature; often found on feet.

    Acute Limb Ischemia (ALI)

    • Sudden blood supply interruption usually due to embolism; categorized as an emergency situation with potential for surgery.

    ALI Assessment Findings

    • Evaluated using Six P's: Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Paresthesia, Paralysis, Poikilothermia.

    ALI Management

    • Anticoagulation (IV heparin), surgical intervention to remove clots.

    Surgical Procedures for PAD

    • Techniques include Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty, Laser-Assisted Angioplasty, Rotational Atherectomy, and Embolectomy to restore blood flow.

    Graft Procedures

    • Bypass Graft: Reroutes circulation around arterial occlusion.
    • Types include Autogenous Graft, Composite Graft, and Synthetic Graft.

    Complications and Nursing Care

    • Compartment Syndrome: Caused by swelling; expect muscle vessel compression leading to necrosis.
    • Leg Revascularization Care: Includes monitoring for graft occlusion and s/s of infection alongside vital signs management.

    Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

    • Formation of clots leading to disrupted blood flow; includes DVT and PE.

    Virchow's Triad

    • Factors contributing to thrombus formation: vessel wall injury, venous stasis, and hypercoagulability.

    DVT Assessment and Management

    • Signs: swelling, tenderness, warmth, and erythema.
    • Management includes anticoagulation therapy, elevation, analgesics, and compression stockings.

    Anticoagulation Medications

    • Heparin: High alert medication monitored through aPTT levels.
    • Warfarin: Prevents blood clotting by inhibiting vitamin K metabolism; requires monitoring of INR.
    • Rivaroxaban: Anticoagulant without regular blood monitoring; increased risk of bleeding.

    Venous Insufficiency

    • Caused by incompetent valves in deep veins, leading to blood pooling and possible venous stasis ulcers.

    Varicose Veins

    • Dilated, tortuous veins typically affecting the lower extremities due to incompetent valves.
    • Management includes lifestyle modifications, compression therapy, sclerotherapy, and potential surgery.

    Education and Prevention Strategies

    • Promote environment warmth, smoking cessation, regular leg inspections, and maintenance of hydration to prevent DVT and manage venous insufficiency.

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    Quiz Team

    Description

    This quiz focuses on nursing care concepts related to Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD). It includes key terms such as the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) and the implications of conditions affecting blood flow. Prepare to enhance your understanding of nursing responsibilities in managing PVD effectively.

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