Podcast Beta
Questions and Answers
What is Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)?
What is the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI)?
A test that compares blood pressure at the ankle with the pressure at the brachial artery using a Doppler probe.
What does plethysmography evaluate?
Arterial blood flow in the lower extremities.
What is the purpose of a Treadmill/Exercise Tolerance Test?
Signup and view all the answers
Arteriography is used to visualize areas of decreased arterial flow on an X-ray.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main goal of PAD management?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a risk factor for PAD?
Signup and view all the answers
Match the following medications with their use in PAD management:
Signup and view all the answers
___ is a type of Arteriosclerosis.
Signup and view all the answers
Raynaud's disease is characterized by intermittent vasoconstriction.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following are assessment findings for Raynaud's disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary management strategy for Compartment Syndrome?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the components of Virchow's Triad?
Signup and view all the answers
Warfarin requires consistent vitamin K intake to be effective.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of using a TED (Thrombo-Embolic Deterrent) hose?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one key management strategy for DVT?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD)
- Disrupted blood flow in the peripheral blood and lymphatic system affecting oxygen and nutrient delivery
- Includes peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and peripheral venous disease (DVT)
Diagnostic Tests for PAD
- Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI): Compares blood pressure at ankle and brachial artery using a Doppler probe.
- Plethysmography: Assesses arterial blood flow in the lower extremities.
- Treadmill/Exercise Tolerance Test: Evaluates for claudication through walking, noting leg pain due to arterial narrowing.
- Arteriography: X-ray with contrast medium to visualize areas of reduced blood flow.
- MRI: Uses contrast to visualize blood flow through peripheral arteries.
Clinical Tools and Assessments
- Bedside Doppler: Measures difficulty in detecting pulses; identifies differences in bilateral pulses.
- PAD Risk Factors: Includes age (over 65), male gender, family history, African American ethnicity, atherosclerosis, obesity, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, sedentary lifestyle.
Atherosclerosis and Arteriosclerosis
- Atherosclerosis: Slow buildup of lipid particles reducing blood flow; a form of arteriosclerosis.
- Arteriosclerosis: Hardening or thickening of arterial walls; most common arterial disease.
PAD Assessment Findings
- Indicators include decreased/non-palpable pedal pulses, rest pain, hair loss, cold/cyanotic extremities, pallor with elevation, rubor, and intermittent claudication.
Intermittent Claudication
- Pain during exercise due to inadequate oxygen delivery in narrowed arteries.
Management and Goals for PAD
- Aims to reduce symptoms and prevent disease progression through diet, exercise, weight loss, and smoking cessation.
Medications for PAD
- Pentoxifylline (Trental): Reduces platelet aggregation; therapeutic effects seen in 8 weeks.
- Cilostazol (Plavix): Lowers thromboemboli risk.
- Aspirin and Clopidogrel: Antiplatelet agents.
- Additional medications include statins and ACE inhibitors.
Raynaud's Disease
- Functional PAD with intermittent vasoconstriction; more common in women.
- Assessment involves pallor, cyanosis, rubor, and pain.
Buerger's Disease
- Exclusively linked to tobacco use; causes inflammation of smaller vessels.
Critical Limb Ischemia
- Severe, chronic blood flow decrease to lower extremities, potentially leading to infection and limb loss.
Arterial Ulcers
- Characteristics include small, deep, circular wounds with cold skin temperature; often found on feet.
Acute Limb Ischemia (ALI)
- Sudden blood supply interruption usually due to embolism; categorized as an emergency situation with potential for surgery.
ALI Assessment Findings
- Evaluated using Six P's: Pain, Pallor, Pulselessness, Paresthesia, Paralysis, Poikilothermia.
ALI Management
- Anticoagulation (IV heparin), surgical intervention to remove clots.
Surgical Procedures for PAD
- Techniques include Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty, Laser-Assisted Angioplasty, Rotational Atherectomy, and Embolectomy to restore blood flow.
Graft Procedures
- Bypass Graft: Reroutes circulation around arterial occlusion.
- Types include Autogenous Graft, Composite Graft, and Synthetic Graft.
Complications and Nursing Care
- Compartment Syndrome: Caused by swelling; expect muscle vessel compression leading to necrosis.
- Leg Revascularization Care: Includes monitoring for graft occlusion and s/s of infection alongside vital signs management.
Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)
- Formation of clots leading to disrupted blood flow; includes DVT and PE.
Virchow's Triad
- Factors contributing to thrombus formation: vessel wall injury, venous stasis, and hypercoagulability.
DVT Assessment and Management
- Signs: swelling, tenderness, warmth, and erythema.
- Management includes anticoagulation therapy, elevation, analgesics, and compression stockings.
Anticoagulation Medications
- Heparin: High alert medication monitored through aPTT levels.
- Warfarin: Prevents blood clotting by inhibiting vitamin K metabolism; requires monitoring of INR.
- Rivaroxaban: Anticoagulant without regular blood monitoring; increased risk of bleeding.
Venous Insufficiency
- Caused by incompetent valves in deep veins, leading to blood pooling and possible venous stasis ulcers.
Varicose Veins
- Dilated, tortuous veins typically affecting the lower extremities due to incompetent valves.
- Management includes lifestyle modifications, compression therapy, sclerotherapy, and potential surgery.
Education and Prevention Strategies
- Promote environment warmth, smoking cessation, regular leg inspections, and maintenance of hydration to prevent DVT and manage venous insufficiency.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz focuses on nursing care concepts related to Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD). It includes key terms such as the Ankle-Brachial Index (ABI) and the implications of conditions affecting blood flow. Prepare to enhance your understanding of nursing responsibilities in managing PVD effectively.