Nursing Care for Newborns
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Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe a baby born at or after 42 weeks of gestation?

  • Premature
  • Late Preterm
  • Post-term (correct)
  • Full Term
  • What is the primary cause of delayed birth in post-term newborns?

  • Unknown (correct)
  • Fetal factors
  • Placental insufficiency
  • Maternal factors
  • Which of the following is NOT a maternal factor associated with post-term births?

  • Low blood pressure (correct)
  • Multiple pregnancies
  • Primigravida status
  • Advanced maternal age
  • What is the primary nursing intervention for a post-term newborn?

    <p>Monitoring cardiopulmonary status (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a baby born with less weight than expected for their gestational age?

    <p>Small for Gestational Age (SGA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common condition associated with SGA (Small for Gestational Age)?

    <p>Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic physical appearance of a post-term newborn?

    <p>Dry, wrinkled skin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a typical assessment finding in a post-term newborn?

    <p>Increased muscle tone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a sign of respiratory distress in a newborn?

    <p>Hypothermia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of surfactants in the lungs?

    <p>To decrease the surface tension of the alveoli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term for lung collapse?

    <p>Atelectasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common problem associated with decreased pulmonary surfactant?

    <p>Hypoxia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the ROME method assess?

    <p>The degree of effort a newborn is using to breathe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

    <p>Oxygenated blood has a higher oxygen content (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a method of oxygen therapy?

    <p>Bronchoscope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of assessing the degree of effort a newborn is using to breathe?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of administering Pancuronium Bromide (Pavulon) in the emergency room?

    <p>To reduce muscle tension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition arises when air accumulates in the pleural cavity, leading to lung collapse?

    <p>Pneumothorax (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a direct consequence of inadequate gas exchange (O2 & CO2) in the newborn?

    <p>Hyperbilirubinemia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of managing hyperbilirubinemia in a newborn?

    <p>Preventing kernicterus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a potential injury associated with phototherapy treatment in newborns?

    <p>Eye damage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended position of the baby during phototherapy?

    <p>Supine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the rationale for turning off the phototherapy lights before blood extraction for bilirubin levels?

    <p>To prevent interference with the test results (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider when examining a newborn's skin color for jaundice?

    <p>Infant's feeding pattern (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a physical assessment finding that can indicate Meningitis?

    <p>Inability to straighten leg when hip is flexed to 90 degrees (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is a nursing intervention employed for a patient with Meningitis?

    <p>Administering antibacterials and antipyretics (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most appropriate nursing intervention for the 'CARING' component of care for an infant with Meningitis?

    <p>Assess the infant's needs and address their frustration and anger at dissatisfaction. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential causative agent of Meningitis?

    <p>Streptococcus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the 'CATCH UP' intervention for an infant with Meningitis?

    <p>Treating the condition causing the Meningitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the 'Radar Gaze' physical finding in an infant with Meningitis?

    <p>It indicates increased intracranial pressure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of providing isolation for 24 hours to an infant with Meningitis?

    <p>To prevent the spread of the infection. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a neurological assessment finding that should be monitored in infants with Meningitis?

    <p>Seizures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the key characteristics of a baby with Small for Gestational Age (SGA)?

    <p>Loose and dry skin, little fat, little muscle mass, widened skull sutures (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are some of the INTERVENTIONS for a baby with SGA?

    <p>Assess/observe signs of respiratory distress, maintain body temperature, provide stimulation, monitor blood sugar (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential complication of SGA?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of assessment is recommended for evaluating fetal development, amount of amniotic fluid, and placental signs of aging in SGA?

    <p>Ultrasound (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a baby with SGA having poor skin turgor?

    <p>It suggests dehydration, a common problem in SGA babies (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for administering D10W to a baby with SGA?

    <p>To provide extra calories and support blood sugar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of a baby with SGA having a wider skull suture?

    <p>It suggests a slow rate of brain growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is "MAS" in the context of complications for SGA newborns?

    <p>Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used to describe a lack of coordination of muscle movement, often associated with certain neurological conditions, as mentioned in the provided text?

    <p>Ataxia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following interventions is specifically mentioned as helping to prevent pressure sores in newborns?

    <p>Egg crate mattress (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of meningitis mentioned in the text?

    <p>Bacterial Meningitis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why infant feeding is a priority in the context of neurological conditions?

    <p>To ensure adequate nutrient intake. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the medical term mentioned in the text that describes a condition characterized by an imbalance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

    <p>Hydrocephalus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following interventions is specifically recommended for newborns who are NPO (Nil Per Os)?

    <p>Stop feeding entirely (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nursing interventions is shared between the management of common acute conditions and the pre-operative nursing intervention?

    <p>Reposition head frequently (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following nursing interventions is most closely related to the prevention of infectious diseases in newborns, as suggested by the text?

    <p>Meningococcal Vaccine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Suctioning

    Process of removing secretions from newborn's mouth and nose.

    Post-term Newborn

    An infant born after 42 weeks of gestation.

    Small for Gestational Age (SGA)

    Infants whose weight is below the 10th percentile for their gestational age.

    Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR)

    Condition where a baby does not grow to normal weight during pregnancy.

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    Primary cause of post-term birth

    Unknown; often associated with maternal factors.

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    Assessment of Post-term Newborn

    Includes checking for depleted SQ fats and skin conditions.

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    Nursing Interventions for SGA

    Include monitoring vital signs and blood sugar, administering O2, and thermoregulation.

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    Maternal Factors for SGA

    Conditions like high blood pressure or young age can affect fetal growth.

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    SGA

    Small for Gestational Age; growth below the 10th percentile.

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    LGA

    Large for Gestational Age; growth above the 90th percentile.

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    Respiratory Distress

    Difficulty in breathing or inadequate oxygenation.

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    Hypoglycemia

    Low blood sugar levels often seen in LGA infants.

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    Cold Stress Management

    Maintaining body temperature to prevent complications.

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    Ultrasound Indications

    Used to assess fetal development and amniotic fluid levels.

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    Caput Succedaneum

    Swelling of a newborn's head due to delivery pressure.

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    Poor Skin Turgor

    Reduced skin elasticity indicating dehydration.

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    Pancuronium Bromide

    A muscle relaxant used to reduce muscular resistance in emergencies.

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    Pneumothorax

    Air in the pleural cavity leading to lung collapse.

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    Skin Color Assessment

    Monitoring skin color helps assess oxygen levels and potential hypoxia.

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    Expiratory Grunting

    A sound made during breathing indicating respiratory distress, especially in infants.

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    Acute Condition Management

    Strategies to treat immediate health issues in newborns.

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    Hyperbilirubinemia

    An excess of bilirubin in the blood, often leading to jaundice.

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    Tachypnea

    Abnormally fast breathing, often a response to oxygen deficiency.

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    Seesaw Respiration

    An abnormal breathing pattern where chest retracts and abdomen protrudes.

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    Natural Phototherapy

    Using natural sunlight to treat hyperbilirubinemia.

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    Kernicterus Prevention

    Method to avoid irreversible brain damage from high bilirubin.

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    Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)

    A test measuring oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood.

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    Surfactants

    Substances that reduce surface tension in alveoli, preventing collapse.

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    Serum Bilirubin Levels

    Measurement of bilirubin in blood to monitor jaundice severity.

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    Artificial Phototherapy

    Intense fluorescent blue light treatment for jaundice.

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    Hypoxia

    Insufficient oxygen in the body, leading to cyanosis or pallor.

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    Oxygenated vs Deoxygenated Blood

    Oxygenated blood is bright red; deoxygenated blood is darker.

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    Level of Consciousness (LOC)

    A measure of a person's awareness of their environment and self.

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    Nausea & Vomiting

    Common symptoms in newborns indicating various underlying issues.

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    Hydrocephalus

    Condition caused by an imbalance of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain.

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    Ataxia

    Lack of coordination or control over muscle movements.

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    Parasthesia

    Abnormal sensations such as 'pins and needles'.

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    Sunset Eyes

    A sign in newborns where pupils appear to look downward.

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    Nursing Intervention: Small Frequent Feeding

    Administering small amounts of food frequently to newborns.

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    Contract Tracing

    Tracking individuals who may have been in contact with an infectious disease case.

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    Diminished crying

    Reduced or absent crying in an infant, indicating possible distress.

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    Radar gaze

    Continuous scanning of the environment by an infant, often in response to distress.

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    Brudzinski Sign

    A clinical sign where leg flexes in response to neck flexion, indicating potential meningitis.

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    Bacterial Meningitis

    A serious infection of the meninges caused by bacteria, leading to severe symptoms.

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    Seizure precautions

    Measures taken to prevent injury during seizures, such as lowering bed height.

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    Nursing interventions for meningitis

    Include isolation, administering antibacterials, and neurological assessments.

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    Causative agents of meningitis

    Microorganisms, primarily bacteria or viruses, that can cause meningitis.

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    Nutritional needs in infants

    High caloric diets are essential for growth, especially in treatment plans.

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    Study Notes

    Common Problems in Preterm and Post-term Infants

    • Hyperbilirubinemia: High bilirubin levels in the blood, often due to liver immaturity; jaundice is a common symptom. Kernicterus, irreversible brain damage, can occur if bilirubin levels become too high.
    • Infection: Lacking IgG Immunoglobulin is a major factor.
    • Cold Stress: Lower subcutaneous fat results in increased risk.
    • Anemia: Often due to iron deficiency.

    Management of Preterm Infants

    • Improve Respiratory Function: Oxygen therapy, mechanical ventilation, and maintaining proper temperature are essential.
    • Maintain Body Temperature: Humidity and oxygen concentration control are crucial to prevent infection. Kangaroo care (skin-to-skin contact) is an effective method.
    • Prevent Infection: Handwashing is paramount. Isolation from infectious sources is also needed.
    • Nutrition: Gavage feeding (tube feeding) may be necessary for some infants, as well as establishing milk feeding. reflexes should be confirmed before feeding.
    • Sensory Stimulation: Gentle touch, soft music, and spoken words are beneficial.

    Assessment of Preterm Infants

    • Respiratory Rate: Irregular and may have episodes of apnea.
    • Temperature: Often below normal.
    • Skin: Thin with visible blood vessels and minimal subcutaneous fat. Jaundice may be present.
    • Other: Poor sucking and swallowing reflex. Bowel sounds are often diminished.

    Post-Term Infants

    • Immaturity of all body systems.
    • Causes are unknown but factors like multiple pregnancies and age of mother can contribute to it.
    • Depleted subcutaneous fats, parchment-like/ dry/ wrinkled/ cracked skin, old-looking skin and face, fingernails, abundant scalp, long thin body and meconium staining of umbilical cord are common observations.
    • Complications: Intrauterine hypoxia (placental aging), Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS), Hypoglycemia and Inability to maintain regular body temperature.

    Large for Gestational Age (LGA)

    • Weighs over 4,000g (or 4,500g in some cases)
    • Primarily due to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
    • Potential problems: respiratory distress, hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, and fractured skull/clavicles.

    Small for Gestational Age (SGA)

    • Infants smaller than expected for their gestational age.
    • Possible causes include intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), maternal factors (high blood pressure, chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes), infections and substance use by the mother.

    Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

    • Results from the immaturity of the lungs and an inability to produce sufficient surfactant (reduces tension in the air sacs).
    • Common symptoms include increased respiratory rate, inspiratory grunting, seesaw respiration, decreased breath sounds, cyanosis, and pallor.
    • Management involves oxygen therapy and potentially mechanical ventilation, depending on the severity.

    Hyperbilirubinemia

    • Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes) caused by excess bilirubin in the blood.
    • Potential causes include liver immaturity (high bilirubin), infection or conditions like maternal diabetes or medications.
    • Management aims to reduce bilirubin levels through phototherapy(exposing baby to blue light) or blood transfusions in severe cases.

    Neonatal Sepsis

    • A generalized bacterial infection in the newborn.
    • Common causes include group B streptococcal bacteria.
    • Early diagnosis and treatment with antibiotics are critical to prevent serious complications.

    Failure to Thrive (FTT)

    • Infants who fail to gain weight or grow at the expected rate, potentially due to delayed physical growth.
    • Potential causes include organic (related to underlying conditions) and non-organic (non-medical causes).

    Hydrocephalus

    • An accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain .
    • Symptoms often include a large head, vomiting, impaired eye movement (sunset eyes), irritability.
    • Management may involve surgical intervention to shunt the excess CSF.

    Spina Bifida

    • A neural tube defect resulting in incomplete closure of the spinal column.
    • Assessment involves visible spinal deficits, motor/sensory involvement, and complications (flaccid paralysis), altered bladder/bowel function, hip and joint problems, and possible hydrocephalus.
    • Management often involves surgical closure of the defect and addressing associated complications.

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    Test your knowledge on nursing interventions and conditions related to post-term and small for gestational age (SGA) newborns. This quiz covers essential topics such as gestational age, respiratory distress signs, and key nursing assessments. Perfect for nursing students or healthcare professionals.

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