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Questions and Answers
What characterizes a hemangioma known as a port wine stain?
What characterizes a hemangioma known as a port wine stain?
- Flat macular patch that blanches with pressure
- Irregularly shaped spongy mass of blood vessels
- Large flat dark red, bluish, or purplish patch (correct)
- Raised red area with well-defined borders
Which of the following types of vascular lesions typically disappears by age 5-7?
Which of the following types of vascular lesions typically disappears by age 5-7?
- Purpura
- Strawberry mark (correct)
- Telangiectasia
- Cavernous hemangioma
What is the appearance of telangiectasia?
What is the appearance of telangiectasia?
- Tiny hemorrhages that blanch with pressure
- Patches of purpura resulting from minor trauma
- Permanently enlarged and dilated blood vessels (correct)
- Port wine stain with a raised border
Why might venous lakes commonly occur in older populations?
Why might venous lakes commonly occur in older populations?
What defines petechiae in terms of size and appearance?
What defines petechiae in terms of size and appearance?
Which of the following vascular lesions are associated with a low blood platelet count?
Which of the following vascular lesions are associated with a low blood platelet count?
What is the typical appearance of a star angioma?
What is the typical appearance of a star angioma?
What condition may lead to the development of purpura in older individuals?
What condition may lead to the development of purpura in older individuals?
What distinguishes a patch from a macule?
What distinguishes a patch from a macule?
Which of the following is an example of a papule?
Which of the following is an example of a papule?
What is a key characteristic of a wheal?
What is a key characteristic of a wheal?
Which lesion is characterized by encapsulated fluid within the dermis?
Which lesion is characterized by encapsulated fluid within the dermis?
What defines a bulla?
What defines a bulla?
Which lesion typically develops from a primary lesion over time?
Which lesion typically develops from a primary lesion over time?
How is a nodule defined?
How is a nodule defined?
What is a common example of urticaria?
What is a common example of urticaria?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a pustule?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a pustule?
Which primary skin lesion is identified by a solid, elevated, flat area greater than 1 cm?
Which primary skin lesion is identified by a solid, elevated, flat area greater than 1 cm?
Which of the following characteristics are part of the ABCDE criteria for evaluating pigmented lesions?
Which of the following characteristics are part of the ABCDE criteria for evaluating pigmented lesions?
What describes lesions that are distinct and individual, remaining separate from each other?
What describes lesions that are distinct and individual, remaining separate from each other?
Which shape of skin lesion is characterized by lesions that resemble concentric rings?
Which shape of skin lesion is characterized by lesions that resemble concentric rings?
In terms of distribution, what term describes lesions that are confined to a specific area of the body?
In terms of distribution, what term describes lesions that are confined to a specific area of the body?
What is the significance of a diameter greater than 6mm in pigmented lesions?
What is the significance of a diameter greater than 6mm in pigmented lesions?
Which of the following shapes is characterized by a linear arrangement of lesions along a nerve root?
Which of the following shapes is characterized by a linear arrangement of lesions along a nerve root?
What type of exudate should be assessed when examining skin lesions?
What type of exudate should be assessed when examining skin lesions?
Which lesion configuration is described as lesions merging together?
Which lesion configuration is described as lesions merging together?
What is the significance of assessing the patient's baseline skin characteristics before a skin examination?
What is the significance of assessing the patient's baseline skin characteristics before a skin examination?
What does a capillary refill time of more than 3 seconds indicate?
What does a capillary refill time of more than 3 seconds indicate?
Which color change is indicative of cyanosis?
Which color change is indicative of cyanosis?
What skin condition can be caused by trauma, bleeding disorders, or liver dysfunction?
What skin condition can be caused by trauma, bleeding disorders, or liver dysfunction?
What finding might suggest abuse when assessing bruises?
What finding might suggest abuse when assessing bruises?
What does increased skin thickness typically indicate?
What does increased skin thickness typically indicate?
What should be assessed in terms of hair distribution during a skin examination?
What should be assessed in terms of hair distribution during a skin examination?
What type of skin condition is characterized by edema when your thumb leaves a dent in the skin?
What type of skin condition is characterized by edema when your thumb leaves a dent in the skin?
When assessing for lesions, which factor should be considered?
When assessing for lesions, which factor should be considered?
What is the expected finding when inspecting the nails for consistency?
What is the expected finding when inspecting the nails for consistency?
Which of the following is NOT a common environmental factor affecting skin assessment?
Which of the following is NOT a common environmental factor affecting skin assessment?
What is the primary reason for assessing hidden areas of the skin, such as skin folds?
What is the primary reason for assessing hidden areas of the skin, such as skin folds?
What does the presence of erythema indicate?
What does the presence of erythema indicate?
What is the best location to assess skin elasticity?
What is the best location to assess skin elasticity?
Which level of consciousness is characterized by a patient that is difficult to arouse and is confused after waking?
Which level of consciousness is characterized by a patient that is difficult to arouse and is confused after waking?
During a quick neuro check, what is the primary motor response that is typically assessed?
During a quick neuro check, what is the primary motor response that is typically assessed?
What does the presence of lanugo in infants indicate regarding their skin development?
What does the presence of lanugo in infants indicate regarding their skin development?
What is a common skin change experienced by pregnant individuals that can fade after pregnancy?
What is a common skin change experienced by pregnant individuals that can fade after pregnancy?
Which of the following integument assessment components involves assessing subjective data such as changes in pigmentation or moles?
Which of the following integument assessment components involves assessing subjective data such as changes in pigmentation or moles?
How does skin change due to aging affect a person's risk of temperature regulation?
How does skin change due to aging affect a person's risk of temperature regulation?
What characteristic does not typically describe the hair changes seen in aging adults?
What characteristic does not typically describe the hair changes seen in aging adults?
What is the primary purpose of documenting subjective and objective data gathered during integument assessment?
What is the primary purpose of documenting subjective and objective data gathered during integument assessment?
Which of the following assessments is most relevant for evaluating a newborn's skin condition?
Which of the following assessments is most relevant for evaluating a newborn's skin condition?
What does 'ANO x3' refer to during a neuro check?
What does 'ANO x3' refer to during a neuro check?
Which skin condition is characterized by small white bumps commonly seen in infants?
Which skin condition is characterized by small white bumps commonly seen in infants?
What changes in adolescents' skin can be attributed to hormonal fluctuations?
What changes in adolescents' skin can be attributed to hormonal fluctuations?
In integument assessment, which of the following findings would be classified as a secondary lesion?
In integument assessment, which of the following findings would be classified as a secondary lesion?
What is the primary function of the subcutaneous layer in the integumentary system?
What is the primary function of the subcutaneous layer in the integumentary system?
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Study Notes
Quick Neuro Check
- Components: Alertness, orientation to person, place, and time, communication, and motor response.
- Alertness: Range from alert to coma.
- Orientation: Ability to understand present situation.
- Communication: Clear and articulate speech.
- Motor Response: Ability to follow commands and move extremities.
Integument Assessment
- Purpose: Inspect and palpate skin, nails, and hair to assess overall health.
- Skin Covers: 1.68 square meters in the average adult.
Developmental Considerations
- Infants: Covered with lanugo hair at birth, which is replaced by fine vellus hair. Vernix caseosa serves as a protective layer. Milia and cradle cap may develop.
- Adolescents: Increased secretion from apocrine glands, active sebaceous glands, and increased subcutaneous fat deposits.
- Pregnant Persons: Linea nigra, chloasma, and striae gravidarum.
- Aging Adults: Decreased elastin, collagen, subcutaneous fat, and muscle tone. Hair becomes thinner and whiter. Nails grow more slowly and have prominent longitudinal ridges.
Subjective Data
- History: Previous skin disease, allergies, birthmarks.
- Changes: Pigmentation, mole, dryness, moisture, pruritus, bruising, rash or lesions, medications.
- Hair and Nails: Hair loss, change in nails, environmental or occupational hazards.
- Self-care: Sunscreen use and soap preference.
Objective Data
- Assessment: Inspect and palpate skin, hair, and nails. Be aware of external variables and the patient's baseline characteristics.
- Hidden Areas: Assess skin folds, incorporating assessment during bathing.
Hair Assessment
- Inspect and Palpate: Observe color, texture, distribution, and lesions.
- Scalp: Assess for lesions or infestation.
Nail Assessment
- Inspect and Palpate: Observe shape, contour, consistency, and color.
- Capillary Refill: Assess blood flow by observing the time it takes for color to return.
Skin Assessment
- Color: Pallor, erythema, cyanosis, and jaundice.
- Temperature: Warm or cool to touch.
- Moisture: Dry, moist, or clammy.
- Texture: Smooth, rough, thick, or thin.
- Edema: Fluid accumulation in the intercellular spaces, graded on a 4-point scale.
Lesions
- Abuse or Trauma: Bruising patterns can indicate abuse.
- Assessment: Observe color, elevation, pattern, size, location, distribution, and exudate.
- Danger Signs: ABCDE (Asymmetry, Border irregularity, Color variation, Diameter greater than 6mm, Elevation and evolution).
Skin Lesion Configurations
- Annular: Circular lesion spreading from the center.
- Confluent: Lesions merging together.
- Discrete: Distinct and separate lesions.
- Grouped: Clustered lesions.
- Gyrate: Twisted, coiled, or spiral lesions.
- Target: Concentric rings resembling an iris.
- Linear: Linear or streak-like lesions.
- Polycyclic: Annular lesions growing together.
- Zosteriform: Linear arrangement of lesions along a nerve root.
Categories of Lesions
- Primary: Develop on previously unaltered skin.
- Macule: Flat, less than 1 cm in diameter.
- Patch: Flat, greater than 1 cm in diameter.
- Papule: Solid, elevated, less than 1 cm in diameter.
- Plaque: Solid, elevated, greater than 1 cm in diameter.
- Nodule: Solid, elevated, greater than 1 cm in diameter, extends deeper into the dermis.
- Tumor: Solid, elevated, larger than 2 cm in diameter.
- Wheal: Superficial, raised, transient.
- Urticaria: Wheals joining together.
- Vesicle: Blister, elevated cavity containing fluid, less than 1 cm in diameter.
- Bulla: Blister, elevated cavity containing fluid, greater than 1 cm in diameter.
- Cyst: Encapsulated fluid-filled cavity.
- Pustule: Cavity filled with pus.
- Secondary: Result from changes in primary lesions over time.
- Vascular: Caused by blood vessel abnormalities.
- Hemangiomas: Benign proliferation of blood vessels.
- Port-wine stain: Large, flat macular patch.
- Strawberry mark: Raised red area with well-defined borders.
- Cavernous hemangioma: Reddish-blue, irregular, solid, spongey mass of blood vessels.
- Telangiectases: Appearance of blood vessels on the skin's surface.
- Telangiectasia: Permanently enlarged and dilated blood vessels.
- Spider or star angioma: Fiery red star-shaped marking with a solid circle center.
- Venous lake: Blue-purple dilation of smaller blood vessels.
- Purpuric lesions: Caused by blood leaking out of vessels.
- Petechiae: Tiny hemorrhages, round, discrete.
- Purpura: Excessive patch of petechiae, greater than 3 mm in size.
- Hemangiomas: Benign proliferation of blood vessels.
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