Nursing 101 Exam Guide

In the context of advance directives, which legal principle allows a surrogate decision-maker to act in accordance with the patient's known values when the patient can no longer express their wishes?

What ethical framework primarily guides a nurse's decision to withhold certain information from a patient if disclosing it would likely cause severe psychological distress, thereby impeding informed consent?

How would a nurse ethically resolve a situation where a patient's advance directive conflicts with a physician's orders, especially if following the directive might lead to a perceived adverse clinical outcome?

What is the key distinction between a 'living will' and a 'durable power of attorney for healthcare' in the context of advance directives?

Which legal doctrine primarily protects healthcare providers from liability when administering emergency care outside of a healthcare setting, assuming they act in good faith and without gross negligence?

In the nursing process, what is the principal difference between a nursing diagnosis and a medical diagnosis, especially with respect to intervention strategies?

Which strategy exemplifies primordial prevention in public health, specifically aimed at preventing the development of risk factors in a population?

Considering the ecological model of health promotion, which intervention targets the 'community' level to reduce childhood obesity rates?

What is the significance of incorporating culturally congruent care into health promotion strategies, particularly for marginalized populations with distinct health beliefs?

In the context of infection control, how does antibiotic stewardship MOST effectively mitigate the spread of multi-drug resistant organisms (MDROs) in a hospital setting?

What mechanism explains the phenomenon of 'cytokine storm' in severe inflammatory conditions such as sepsis, and how does it lead to multi-organ dysfunction?

Which immunological process is most likely to increase the risk of opportunistic infections in an immunocompromised patient, specifically affecting cell-mediated immunity?

What primary mechanism accounts for the increased susceptibility to infection in elderly individuals, considering the age-related changes in immune function?

In assessing a patient at risk for falls due to impaired mobility, which instrument provides the most comprehensive evaluation of balance, gait, and functional strength specifically tailored for geriatric populations?

What is the MOST critical physiological consequence of prolonged immobility on the cardiovascular system, and how does it affect cardiac output and blood volume distribution?

Considering the impact of immobility on the musculoskeletal system, what cellular mechanism is MOST directly responsible for the development of disuse osteoporosis?

What specific intervention should a nurse prioritize to mitigate the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in a post-operative patient with limited mobility due to a lower extremity fracture?

Which strategy is MOST effective in promoting nighttime sleep for a hospitalized patient who reports frequent awakenings due to environmental noise and disruptions?

What is the physiological rationale behind recommending a warm bath or shower before bedtime to improve sleep quality?

A patient reports chronic insomnia despite practicing good sleep hygiene. Which neurotransmitter system should be the primary target of pharmacological interventions aimed at improving sleep initiation and maintenance?

In performing a comprehensive physical assessment, what is the clinical significance of detecting a S3 heart sound in an adult patient, particularly related to ventricular function?

How does assessing tactile fremitus contribute to the diagnosis of respiratory conditions, and what specific finding suggests lung consolidation?

During abdominal auscultation, what pathophysiological process is MOST likely indicated by the presence of high-pitched, tinkling bowel sounds?

In the RACE fire response acronym, what is the MOST immediate action a nurse should take upon discovering a fire in a patient care area?

What is the primary goal of utilizing therapeutic communication techniques when interacting with a patient experiencing acute anxiety?

What is the MOST crucial nursing intervention to prevent the spread of infection during routine hygiene care for a patient with Clostridium difficile (C. diff)?

Which of the following factors significantly elevates the risk of developing Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci (VRE) in hospitalized patients?

An elderly patient with a history of stroke is admitted to the hospital with pneumonia. Which of the following interventions is MOST important to prevent aspiration during oral hygiene?

Which ethical principle is MOST directly supported when a nurse advocates for a patient's right to refuse a medication, even if the healthcare team believes it is in the patient's best interest?

Select all of the following interventions that are indicated to prevent falls in hospitalized patients?

Which of the following are accurate methods for assessing a patient's pain level?

Which of the following measures are crucial to implement when administering medications via a nasogastric (NG) tube to ensure safety and efficacy?

Which of the following are essential elements of effective hand hygiene practices in healthcare settings?

Which actions are paramount to preventing central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI) when managing a patient with a central venous catheter?

Which of the following are key components of a comprehensive skin assessment for a bedridden patient to prevent pressure injuries?

When educating a patient with diabetes about foot care, which instructions are vital to prevent foot ulcers and complications?

Which interventions are crucial to include in the care plan for a patient with dysphagia to reduce the risk of aspiration during meals?

In the event of a chemical spill in a healthcare setting, what actions are paramount for ensuring the safety of patients and staff?

Which elements are essential for establishing effective communication with a patient who has a hearing impairment?

To promote effective patient education, especially for those with limited health literacy, which strategies are MOST effective?

Which of the following instructions are essential when educating a patient about proper body mechanics to prevent injury when lifting or moving objects?