NURS 345 Nursing Research Session 10
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a way that a researcher can ensure autonomy in a study?

  • Allowing participants to choose whether or not to participate
  • Ensuring participants are motivated to participate (correct)
  • Providing participants with information about the study
  • Allowing participants to withdraw from the study at any time
  • Which ethical principle is the foundation of the right to self-determination?

  • Respect for persons (correct)
  • Beneficence
  • Justice
  • Non-maleficence
  • Which of the following actions could be considered a violation of the right to self-determination?

  • Collecting data from participants who have agreed to participate
  • Requiring participants to provide their name and address for data analysis
  • Offering participants a small incentive to participate
  • Using deception to conceal the true purpose of the study (correct)
  • Privacy is defined as the freedom to determine the time, extent, and circumstances under which a person's information is shared with others. What type of information is specifically mentioned as private?

    <p>Attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, opinions, and records (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does 'Informed Consent' address concerns about privacy in research?

    <p>It establishes clear guidelines for how participant information can be collected and shared, ensuring respect for their privacy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT explicitly mentioned as a human right requiring protection in research?

    <p>Right to safety (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions would MOST likely be considered a violation of the right to privacy in research?

    <p>Publishing participants' responses in a research article, including their names (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the connection between 'coercion' and the violation of self-determination?

    <p>Coercion involves forcing participants to take part in research against their will, thus denying their autonomy. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of ensuring autonomy in research?

    <p>Using deception to conceal the true purpose of the study from participants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aspects of research ethics is MOST closely related to the right to anonymity and confidentiality?

    <p>Respect for persons (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT considered a level of discomfort or harm in research?

    <p>Risk of temporary damage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle is the right to protection from discomfort and harm derived from?

    <p>Beneficence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When obtaining informed consent, which of the following is NOT an essential element?

    <p>Agreement of the participant to participate in the study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of providing participants with a detailed explanation of the potential risks and benefits of participating in a study?

    <p>To allow for an informed choice regarding participation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary way to ensure that the risks of participating in a research study are avoided?

    <p>Thoroughly explaining the risks and benefits to participants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ethical principles is NOT directly influenced by historical research abuses such as the Tuskegee Syphilis Study?

    <p>Informed Consent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements BEST describes the connection between ethics and evidence-based practice?

    <p>Ethical research is necessary for generating sound empirical knowledge, which leads to evidence-based practice. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a core ethical principle in research?

    <p>Autonomy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do codes of ethics contribute to the protection of human rights in research?

    <p>By establishing a clear set of standards for ethical conduct in research. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of human rights in research?

    <p>They are based on individual values and beliefs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between ethics and the conduct of research?

    <p>Ethical principles guide the entire research process, from planning to dissemination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a potential ethical violation in research?

    <p>Collecting sensitive personal data without obtaining appropriate authorization. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of ethical review boards (ERBs) in research?

    <p>To protect the rights and welfare of research participants. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT an example of a potential breach of confidentiality in research?

    <p>Sharing anonymized data with a collaborator without the participants' explicit consent. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical principle is violated when researchers use selection criteria that are biased based on factors like race or gender?

    <p>Justice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the difference between anonymity and confidentiality in research?

    <p>Anonymity ensures the researcher cannot know the participant's identity, while confidentiality means the researcher won't share the identity with others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important to avoid using obvious identification tags like names or email addresses in research?

    <p>It can violate the participants' right to privacy and confidentiality. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following research situations is the right to fair selection and treatment most likely to be violated?

    <p>A study examining the impact of environmental pollution on health outcomes, where participants are chosen based on their proximity to industrial sites. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the PRIMARY ethical concern related to the use of a code system to identify participants in a research database?

    <p>It can lead to inadvertent disclosure of sensitive information to unauthorized individuals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the MOST important step a researcher must take to ensure that research findings are reported in a way that protects the participants' anonymity?

    <p>Reporting aggregate or summary statistics rather than individual participant data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a potential harmful consequence of a breach of confidentiality in research?

    <p>Increased willingness of participants to participate in future research studies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The principle of justice in research ethics emphasizes that ___.

    <p>Participants should be treated fairly and receive what they are owed or is comparable to others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the MOST important factor in determining whether a research study is ethical?

    <p>The adherence to ethical principles, such as respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Ethics

    Moral principles of right and wrong guiding behavior.

    Codes of Ethics

    Official guidelines governing ethical standards in research.

    Willowbrook Study

    A historical study that violated human rights.

    Tuskegee Syphilis Study

    Research infamous for unethical treatment of African American men.

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    Human Rights

    Justified claims and demands valued by individuals or groups.

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    Empirical Knowledge

    Knowledge gained through observation and experimentation.

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    Ethical Principles

    Fundamental guidelines that govern ethical research conduct.

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    Evidence-based Practice

    Decision-making process based on best available research evidence.

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    Ethical Responsibility in Nursing Research

    Nurses must ensure participants' rights are protected during research.

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    Human Rights in Research

    Essential rights needing protection include self-determination and privacy.

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    Right to Self-Determination

    Individuals have control over their own lives and decisions.

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    Ensuring Autonomy

    Researchers must inform, allow choice, and permit withdrawal from studies.

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    Violation of Self-Determination

    Occurs through coercion, covert collection, or deception.

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    Right to Privacy

    Freedom to control sharing of personal information.

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    Informed Consent

    Process ensuring participants understand what personal info is shared.

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    Coercion in Research

    Pressuring participants to partake against their will.

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    Anonymity and Confidentiality

    Participants' identities must be protected in research settings.

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    Fair Selection and Treatment

    Participants should be chosen and treated equitably in studies.

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    Favouritism

    Preferential treatment towards certain groups in research.

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    Beneficence Principle

    Ethical obligation to do good and avoid harm in research.

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    Elements of Informed Consent

    Includes disclosure, comprehension, competence, and voluntariness.

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    Right to Anonymity

    Participants have the right for their identities to remain undisclosed in research.

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    Right to Confidentiality

    Participants can expect their shared data to be kept private by researchers.

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    Complete Anonymity

    No link can be made between a participant and their responses.

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    Breach of Confidentiality

    Unauthorized access to participant data, compromising privacy.

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    Ensuring Confidentiality

    Measures taken by researchers to protect participant identities and data.

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    Selection Bias

    Using criteria that unfairly influence participant selection in research.

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    Ethical Principle of Justice

    The belief that all people should be treated equitably in research.

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    Harmful Consequences

    Negative outcomes experienced by participants due to confidentiality breaches.

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    Data Reporting Ethics

    Ethical guidelines for publishing research findings without exposing identities.

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    Identification Tags

    Obvious markers like names or emails that could reveal participant identities.

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    Study Notes

    NURS 345 Nursing Research - Session 10: Ethical Considerations in Research

    • Ethical research is crucial for generating sound, evidence-based practice. It's essential to critically appraise the ethical aspects of published studies and research in clinical settings.
    • This session outlines ethical principles guiding biomedical and behavioral research.

    Session Objectives

    • Understand the concept of ethics in nursing research.
    • Learn about the ethical principles governing research.

    Session Outline

    • Ethics in Research
    • Ethical Principles in Research

    Reading List

    • Grove, S.K., Burns, N., & Gray, J.R. (2014). Understanding Nursing Research: Building an Evidence-based Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences (Read Chapter 4).

    Ethics in Nursing Research (Topic One)

    • Ethics are moral principles regarding right and wrong, embedded in codes.
    • Codes of ethics emerged from historical studies that violated human rights, such as the Willowbrook Study, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, and Nazi Medical Experiments.

    Human Rights During Research

    • Human rights are claims and demands justified by individuals or groups.
    • Nurses have an ethical responsibility to protect participants' rights when conducting or reviewing research within their agencies, or assisting with data collection.

    Human Rights Elements for Protection

    • Rights to self-determination, privacy, anonymity/confidentiality, fair selection/treatment, and protection from discomfort/harm.

    Ethical Considerations in Nursing Research (Topic Two)

    Right to Self-Determination (Autonomy)

    • Based on respecting persons, recognizing humans' capacity to control their destiny.
    • People should be treated as autonomous agents, free to make their own choices without external controls.

    Ensuring Autonomy

    • Inform participants about the study.
    • Allow participants to choose to participate.
    • Allow participants to withdraw at any time without penalty.

    Violation of Self-Determination

    • Coercion
    • Covert data collection
    • Deception (these practices violate autonomy)

    Right to Privacy

    • Individuals control when, to what extent, and under what circumstances their private information is shared.
    • Private information includes attitudes, beliefs, behaviors, opinions, and records.
    • Sharing private information without consent or knowledge is an invasion of privacy.

    Ensuring Right to Privacy

    • Understanding informed consent helps determine permissible information types for research and sharing.
    • Research reports should demonstrate how privacy was protected.

    Right to Anonymity and Confidentiality

    • Participants have a right to anonymity (identity concealed) and confidentiality (data kept private from unauthorized access).
    • Complete anonymity means that the participant's identify cannot be linked to their responses even by the researcher.
    • Confidentiality involves safe management by the researcher to protect participant data.

    Breach of Confidentiality

    • Breaches of confidentiality may occur unintentionally or deliberately (allowing unauthorized access to data, or publishing information revealing participants' identities).

    Assignment

    • Identify types of information that lead to confidentiality breaches.
    • Explain how breaches of confidentiality can harm participants.
    • Discuss among group members to understand these points.

    Right to Fair Selection and Treatment

    • Ethical principle of justice: participants must be treated fairly.
    • Unfair selection (e.g., biased criteria) in research violates human rights.

    Ensuring Fair Selection and Treatment

    • Avoid biased selection criteria (e.g., race, gender, sexual practices).
    • Avoid favoritism toward specific groups.
    • Ensure equal benefits for all participants.

    Protection from Discomfort and Harm (Beneficence)

    • Researchers should strive to benefit and minimize harm to participants
    • Researchers must assess and mitigate potential physical, emotional, social, and economic risks and outline them for participants.

    For Group Discussion Exercises

    • Understand levels of discomfort and harm in research (no anticipated effects, temporary discomfort, unusual discomfort, risk of permanent damage, and certainty of permanent damage)
    • Provide practical examples of different harm levels.
    • Identify strategies ensuring these risks are minimized.
    • Disclosure of specific information regarding research.
    • Participants must understand the information; informed consent implies comprehension and understanding, not just receiving information.
    • Voluntary consent without coercion or undue influence.
    • Disclosure of essential information
    • Comprehension of information by the participant
    • Competence of the participant to provide consent
    • Voluntary consent of the participant

    Summary

    • Human rights in research include: self-determination, privacy, anonymity/confidentiality, fair selection/treatment, and protection from discomfort/harm.
    • Informed consent involves conveying essential information, ensuring understanding, ensuring consent capacity, and obtaining voluntary consent.

    References

    • Burns, N., Grove, S. K., & Gray, J.R. (2015). Understanding nursing research: building an evidence-based practice. 6th edition. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier.
    • Polit, D. F., & Beck, C. T. (2010). Essentials of Nursing Research: Appraising Evidence for Nursing Practice. Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on ethical considerations in nursing research, highlighting key principles that underpin research in biomedical and behavioral fields. Participants will learn to critically appraise published studies and understand the importance of ethics in evidence-based practice.

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