Electrolytes Practice Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a potential cause of sodium levels being too high?

  • Fluid overload
  • Excessive sodium intake with adequate water intake (correct)
  • Excessive blood loss
  • Excessive diuretic use

Which condition can lead to dangerously low sodium levels?

  • Impaired level of consciousness
  • Profuse diaphoresis (correct)
  • Dehydration
  • Diabetes Mellitus

How may the administration of hypertonic IV solutions affect sodium levels?

  • It has no effect on sodium levels
  • It leads to sodium loss through urine
  • It can cause sodium levels to rise dangerously (correct)
  • It increases sodium absorption

What can lead to high sodium levels associated with inadequate fluid intake?

<p>Inadequate water intake with high sodium diets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors is NOT associated with low sodium levels?

<p>Low sodium dietary intake (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Diabetes Insipidus can lead to high sodium levels primarily due to which mechanism?

<p>Excessive fluid loss and resulting impairments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can contribute to sodium levels becoming too low in postoperative patients?

<p>Inappropriate use of hypotonic solutions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does calcium play in the structure of bones and teeth?

<p>It forms a major component of their structure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of calcium in the body?

<p>Regulation of blood sugar levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is calcium primarily obtained by the body?

<p>From ingested foods (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which of the following processes is calcium NOT involved?

<p>Photosynthesis in plants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary ways calcium exits the body?

<p>Via kidney, bile, and stool (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is correct regarding calcium?

<p>It assists in muscle contractions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which food category is known to be a rich source of calcium?

<p>Dairy products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which function demonstrates calcium's role in maintaining cardiovascular health?

<p>Myocardial contractions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential symptom of hypocalcemia?

<p>Neuromuscular irritability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hypophosphatemia primarily affect the body?

<p>Through impaired cellular energy delivery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can excessive intake cause in terms of phosphorus levels?

<p>Decrease in calcium levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of severe hypophosphatemia?

<p>It may cause diminished cellular function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical state of mild to moderate hypophosphatemia?

<p>Often asymptomatic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes hypocalcemia?

<p>Ca ↓ P ↑ (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom may indicate impaired cellular function in severe cases of hypophosphatemia?

<p>Fatigue and weakness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What complication can arise from rapidly reducing serum sodium levels?

<p>Cerebral edema (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nursing assessment is crucial for a patient with hyponatremia?

<p>Evaluate neurological status (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one typical sign of low sodium levels (hyponatremia)?

<p>Seizures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

High sodium levels (hypernatremia) typically result in which symptom?

<p>Lethargy (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What nursing action is important for patients with hypernatremia?

<p>Assess for signs of dehydration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Low sodium levels may lead to confusion accompanied by which other symptom?

<p>Nausea (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of acute hypernatremia that requires urgent assessment?

<p>Seizures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which assessment is vital when monitoring a patient for hypernatremia?

<p>Urine specific gravity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common psychiatric symptom in patients with hypernatremia?

<p>Agitation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What condition is a common cause of high calcium levels?

<p>Parathyroid hormone excess (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can lead to low calcium levels?

<p>Overuse of laxatives (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does vitamin D affect calcium levels in the body?

<p>It promotes calcium absorption (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following conditions can cause calcium levels to be too high?

<p>Malignancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect do high calcium levels have on patients?

<p>Decreased appetite (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormonal deficiency is commonly linked to low calcium levels?

<p>Parathyroid hormone deficiency (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of prolonged immobilization on calcium levels?

<p>Higher Calcium Levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common factor that can contribute to high calcium due to dietary reasons?

<p>Excessive consumption of calcium supplements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most serious potential complication associated with hyperkalemia?

<p>Cardiac dysrhythmias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary nursing assessment for hyperkalemia?

<p>Monitor cardiac rhythm on ECG (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following interventions should be prioritized for moderate to severe hyperkalemia?

<p>IV administration of Insulin and Dextrose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which electrolyte imbalance is characterized by ECG changes showing peaked T-waves?

<p>Hyperkalemia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is not appropriate for managing hypokalemia?

<p>Administer K via IV push (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dietary modification is recommended for a patient experiencing hyperkalemia?

<p>Decrease potassium intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic symptom of low potassium levels?

<p>Muscle weakness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of diuretic is recommended to enhance potassium elimination in hyperkalemia?

<p>Loop diuretics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done first when a patient presents with muscle weakness and ECG changes consistent with hyperkalemia?

<p>Administer calcium gluconate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a normal serum potassium level?

<p>3.5 - 5.3 mEq/L (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intervention is NOT recommended for hyperkalemia?

<p>Increase potassium intake (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is commonly monitored in patients with significant hyperkalemia?

<p>Cardiac rhythm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom indicates a risk of respiratory distress due to electrolyte imbalance?

<p>Muscle weakness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

High Sodium Levels Cause

High sodium levels result from factors like dehydration, impaired access to fluids, diabetes insipidus, excessive sodium intake without enough water, or excessive intravenous (IV) administration of hypertonic solutions.

Low Sodium Levels Cause

Low sodium levels result from fluid overload, loss of sodium-rich fluids (like through diuretics, renal disease, excessive sweating, or diarrhea), and inappropriate use of sodium-free or hypotonic solutions.

Sodium Entry to Body

Sodium primarily enters the body through food and drink consumption.

Sodium Exits Body

Sodium exits the body primarily through the kidneys.

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Dehydration and High Sodium

Dehydration is a condition that can lead to high sodium levels.

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Excessive Sodium Intake

Consuming too much sodium without adequate water intake can lead to high sodium levels.

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Diabetes Insipidus

A condition where the body produces excessive urine, leading to low water and high sodium levels.

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Impaired Fluid Intake

Difficulty in obtaining or consuming fluids may lead to elevated sodium levels.

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Hypernatremia

A condition where the blood sodium level is too high.

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Hyponatremia

A condition where the blood sodium level is too low.

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Symptoms of Hypernatremia

These include excessive thirst, dry mucous membranes, decreased urine output, restlessness, agitation, lethargy, and muscle twitching.

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Potential Complications of Hypernatremia

These include dehydration, seizures, coma, and even death.

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Symptoms of Hyponatremia

These include confusion, headache, nausea, and seizures in severe cases.

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Potential Complications of Hyponatremia

These can include brain swelling, coma, and even death.

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Priority Nursing Assessments for Hypernatremia

These include monitoring serum sodium levels, neuro status, and any signs of cerebral edema.

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Rapid Serum Sodium Reduction

A rapid decrease in serum sodium levels can cause a quick shift of water back into the cells, potentially leading to cerebral edema.

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Neuro complications of Hypernatremia

These include seizures, coma, and even death.

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Priority Nursing Assessments for Hyponatremia

These include monitoring neuro status, including level of consciousness (LOC), mental status, and any signs of cerebral edema.

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Calcium's Role

Calcium plays a vital role in many bodily functions, including bone and teeth formation, blood clotting, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle contraction.

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Calcium in the Body

Calcium is the major cation in bones and teeth, providing their structural integrity.

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How does Calcium Enter the Body?

Calcium enters the body through the consumption of food and beverages rich in calcium, such as dairy products, leafy green vegetables, and fortified foods.

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How does Calcium Exit the Body?

Calcium is eliminated from the body through urine, feces, and bile.

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Calcium in the Body: What's it For?

Calcium is essential for various bodily processes, such as bone formation, blood clotting, nerve signaling, and muscle contraction.

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Calcium for Strong Bones

Calcium is a major component of bones, providing their strength and structural support.

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Calcium for Blood Clotting

Calcium is crucial for activating clotting factors in the blood, helping to stop bleeding.

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Calcium and Nerve Impulses

Calcium is involved in the transmission of nerve impulses, allowing communication between different parts of the body.

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What are the signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia?

Muscle cramps and numbness (weakness, respiratory distress, abdominal cramping), cardiac rhythm changes (peaked T-wave on ECG), risk for injury, risk for electrolyte imbalance.

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What are the potential complications of hyperkalemia?

Cardiac dysrhythmias (most serious), skeletal muscle weakness, lethargy, weakness of respiratory muscles (low respiratory rate, shallow breathing), polyuria (excessive urine production), hyperglycemia.

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Prioritize Nursing Assessments for Hyperkalemia

Monitor cardiac rhythm on ECG (look for peaked T waves), assess muscle weakness, monitor serum potassium levels, monitor urine output.

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What are the priority nursing interventions for hyperkalemia?

Decrease oral and parenteral potassium intake, increase potassium elimination (loop diuretics, dialysis, Kayexalate).

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Moderate to Severe Hyperkalemia Interventions

IV insulin and dextrose (forces potassium into cells), IV calcium gluconate, IV sodium bicarbonate. All patients with clinically significant hyperkalemia should be monitored electrocardiographically to detect dysrhythmias.

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What are the signs and symptoms of hypokalemia?

Muscle cramps and weakness, lethargy, cardiac dysrhythmias.

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Priority Nursing Interventions for Hypokalemia

Increase potassium intake, potassium chloride supplements (PO or IV), NEVER give KCl via IV push or bolus.

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What is the normal range for calcium in the blood?

8.5 to 10.5 mg/dL.

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How does Calcium work in the body?

Calcium plays a vital role in many bodily functions, including muscle contraction, nerve transmission, blood clotting, bone health, and hormone secretion.

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Hypophosphatemia

A condition where the blood phosphate level is too low.

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Causes of Hypophosphatemia

Causes include excessive intake of phosphate binders, malabsorption syndromes, and inadequate intake due to starvation.

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Hypophosphatemia Symptoms

Often asymptomatic, but severe cases can lead to muscle weakness, bone pain, and even respiratory failure.

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Hypophosphatemia and Cellular Function

Hypophosphatemia disrupts cellular energy production and oxygen delivery, leading to impaired function.

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Hypophosphatemia and 2,3-DPG

Hypophosphatemia leads to reduced levels of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), affecting red blood cell function.

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Mild Hypophosphatemia

Often goes unnoticed, but can cause fatigue and muscle weakness in some individuals.

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Severe Hypophosphatemia

Life-threatening due to severe disruptions in cellular function. It can result in fatal consequences.

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Hypophosphatemia Management

Treat with intravenous phosphate replacement and addressing underlying causes.

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Calcium Absorption

Vitamin D is required for the body to absorb calcium from food and/or sunlight.

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High Calcium Levels Causes

Hyperthyroidism, malignancy, and prolonged immobilization can cause high calcium levels.

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Low Calcium Levels Causes

Parathyroid hormone deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, chronic kidney disease, malabsorption, and overuse of laxatives can cause low calcium levels.

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High Calcium Effects

High calcium levels can lead to various symptoms depending on the severity, including fatigue, constipation, frequent urination, kidney stones, and mental confusion.

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Low Calcium Effects

Low calcium levels can cause muscle cramps, weakness, numbness, tingling, and in severe cases, seizures and heart problems.

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Calcium and Bone Strength

Calcium is a primary component of bones, providing their strength and structure. Adequate calcium intake is crucial for healthy bones.

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Study Notes

NURS 1060 Outcomes

  • Describe safe, patient-centered, evidence-based nursing care for adults, guided by Caritas philosophy.
  • Discuss critical thinking and clinical reasoning for quality patient care.
  • Describe factors creating a safe medication administration culture.
  • Discuss critical thinking and clinical judgment for accurate and safe medication administration.
  • Fluid and Electrolyte Knowledge covered.

Electrolyte Knowledge

  • Potassium (K+): Normal range: 3.5–5.3 mEq/L
    • Functions in nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and cardiac rhythm.
    • Enters body via food (fruits/veggies, oranges, bananas), medicine, and IV/PO.
    • Exits via kidneys and stool.
    • High levels (hyperkalemia) caused by renal failure, medications (ACE inhibitors, K-sparing diuretics), acidosis, and cell destruction.
    • Low levels (hypokalemia) caused by renal losses (low magnesium, diuretics), GI tract losses (diarrhea, laxatives), vomiting, and abuse.
  • Sodium (Na+): Normal range: 135–145 mEq/L
    • Functions in nerve impulse transmission, muscle contractility, and fluid balance.
    • Enters body via food and drink.
    • Exits via kidneys.
    • High levels (hypernatremia) caused by dehydration, diabetes insipidus, excessive sodium intake with adequate water intake, and excessive IV hypertonic saline.
    • Low levels (hyponatremia) caused by fluid overload, diuretics, renal disease, profuse diaphoresis, draining wounds, excessive diarrhea, vomiting, trauma, or inappropriate use of sodium-free solutions
  • Calcium (Ca2+): Normal range: 8.5–10.5 mg/dL
    • Essential for bone and teeth formation, nerve impulse transmission, muscle contraction, and blood clotting.
    • Enters body via food (dairy, leafy greens, legumes) with Vitamin D assistance.
    • Exits via kidneys, bile, and stool.
    • High levels (hypercalcemia) caused by hyperthyroidism, malignancy, prolonged immobilization.
    • Low levels (hypocalcemia) caused by parathyroid hormone deficiency, vitamin D deficiency, chronic kidney disease, malabsorption, overuse of laxatives, or diseases like Crohn's or Celiac.
  • Phosphate (PO⁴³⁻): Normal range: 2.5–4.5 mg/dL
    • Crucial in energy metabolism, bone and tooth formation, and acid-base balance.
    • Enters via food (PO Intake).
    • Exits via kidneys.
    • High levels (hyperphosphatemia) caused by chronic kidney disease, hypoparathyroidism, or metabolic/respiratory acidosis.
    • Low levels (hypophosphatemia) caused by malnutrition, malabsorption, alcoholism, or excessive use of phosphate-binding antacids.
  • Magnesium (Mg2+): Normal range: 1.5–2.5 mEq/L
    • Necessary for nerve and muscle function, maintaining calcium and potassium balance, and enzyme activation.
    • Enters via GI tract absorption.
    • Exits via kidneys.
    • High levels (hypermagnesemia) caused by excessive magnesium intake with renal insufficiency/failure.
    • Low levels (hypomagnesemia) caused by poor diet, chronic alcoholism, starvation, or diuretic use.

Priority Nursing Assessments & Interventions (examples for some electrolytes)

  • Hypernatremia: Monitor serum sodium levels, neuro status, and fluid intake/output. Treat underlying cause (water deficit or excess sodium) and dilute with sodium-free fluids/diuretics as appropriate.
  • Hyponatremia: Monitor serum sodium levels, neuro status, and fluid intake/output. Correct underlying cause (water excess). Fluid restriction may be necessary. Consider sodium replacement (sometimes IV hypertonic saline)
  • Hyperkalemia: Monitor cardiac rhythm (ECG), serum potassium levels, and urine output. Decrease oral/parenteral potassium intake and increase potassium excretion with loop diuretics or dialysis as needed. (Kayexalate to bind and excrete excess potassium is also helpful)
  • Hypokalemia: Monitor serum potassium, neuro status, and fluid intake/output. Increase potassium intake and treat underlying cause. Consider oral or IV potassium supplements.
  • Hypercalcemia: Monitor calcium levels, bone health, and renal function. Treat underlying cause, promote calcium excretion (loop diuretics), IV hydration.
  • Hypocalcemia: Monitor calcium levels, neuro status (muscle excitability/strength). Treat underlying cause and consider calcium supplements or foods high in calcium and Vitamin D.
  • Hyperphosphatemia/Hypophosphatemia: Monitor serum phosphate & calcium levels, renal function, hydration status. Treat underlying cause and correct electrolyte imbalances as needed and closely monitor for complications of treatment.

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Test your knowledge on safe, patient-centered nursing care guided by the Caritas philosophy. This quiz covers key aspects of critical thinking, clinical reasoning, medication administration culture, and essential electrolyte knowledge for adults. Improve your understanding of potassium and sodium levels and their implications for patient care.

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