Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the main reason for preventable deaths and disabilities during pregnancy and delivery?
What is the main reason for preventable deaths and disabilities during pregnancy and delivery?
- Environmental factors
- Insufficient care during pregnancy and delivery (correct)
- Genetic factors
- Inadequate nutritional intake
What is the reported daily average of infant deaths in the year mentioned?
What is the reported daily average of infant deaths in the year mentioned?
- 60 infant deaths (correct)
- 30 infant deaths
- 45 infant deaths
- 75 infant deaths
Which condition was NOT identified as one of the top three leading causes of infant mortality?
Which condition was NOT identified as one of the top three leading causes of infant mortality?
- Respiratory distress of newborn
- Bacterial sepsis of newborn
- Congenital anomalies (correct)
- Pneumonia
What was the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) reported in the year?
What was the Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) reported in the year?
What percentage of registered infant deaths were reported in the data?
What percentage of registered infant deaths were reported in the data?
Which problem continues to pose a major challenge in mother-to-child transmission?
Which problem continues to pose a major challenge in mother-to-child transmission?
What was the trend in the number of registered infant deaths from the previous year?
What was the trend in the number of registered infant deaths from the previous year?
Which health system issue contributes to challenges in managing maternal and infant care?
Which health system issue contributes to challenges in managing maternal and infant care?
What is the maternal mortality rate reported by UNICEF in 2013?
What is the maternal mortality rate reported by UNICEF in 2013?
Which statement accurately reflects the situation of maternal deaths in the Philippines?
Which statement accurately reflects the situation of maternal deaths in the Philippines?
How many women die daily due to complications in childbirth according to UNICEF?
How many women die daily due to complications in childbirth according to UNICEF?
What proportion of deaths is attributed to complications and widespread infections?
What proportion of deaths is attributed to complications and widespread infections?
Which of the following best describes the primary goal of maternal and child health nursing care?
Which of the following best describes the primary goal of maternal and child health nursing care?
What percentage of births in rural areas are delivered outside a health facility?
What percentage of births in rural areas are delivered outside a health facility?
For every maternal death, how many additional women become sick?
For every maternal death, how many additional women become sick?
What has been the trend in maternal and child health over the past four decades?
What has been the trend in maternal and child health over the past four decades?
What defines an individual as male in terms of sex chromosomes?
What defines an individual as male in terms of sex chromosomes?
Which term describes an individual's outward appearance and gene expression?
Which term describes an individual's outward appearance and gene expression?
What does the term genotype refer to?
What does the term genotype refer to?
Which of the following is a characteristic of dominant genes?
Which of the following is a characteristic of dominant genes?
What does a normal human genome abbreviation signify?
What does a normal human genome abbreviation signify?
Which of the following describes heterozygous traits?
Which of the following describes heterozygous traits?
What principle was discovered by Gregor Mendel in the 1800s?
What principle was discovered by Gregor Mendel in the 1800s?
What is the relationship between homozygous traits and chromosomes?
What is the relationship between homozygous traits and chromosomes?
Which statement accurately describes X-linked dominant inheritance?
Which statement accurately describes X-linked dominant inheritance?
What is the probability that a female child of a heterozygous affected mother will inherit the condition?
What is the probability that a female child of a heterozygous affected mother will inherit the condition?
In X-linked recessive inheritance, what occurs if a male inherits the affected gene from his mother?
In X-linked recessive inheritance, what occurs if a male inherits the affected gene from his mother?
What is characteristic of diseases caused by homozygous recessive inheritance?
What is characteristic of diseases caused by homozygous recessive inheritance?
What happens when a female inherits an affected X-linked recessive gene?
What happens when a female inherits an affected X-linked recessive gene?
Which of the following is an example of a condition associated with X-linked dominant inheritance?
Which of the following is an example of a condition associated with X-linked dominant inheritance?
How do males manifest X-linked recessive diseases compared to females?
How do males manifest X-linked recessive diseases compared to females?
What is incorrect about X-linked inheritance patterns?
What is incorrect about X-linked inheritance patterns?
What is the primary purpose of amniocentesis during pregnancy?
What is the primary purpose of amniocentesis during pregnancy?
At what gestational age is amniocentesis typically performed?
At what gestational age is amniocentesis typically performed?
What fluid is analyzed during amniocentesis, and what is a significant component of that fluid?
What fluid is analyzed during amniocentesis, and what is a significant component of that fluid?
What indicates that an elevated AFP level is not a false-positive result during amniocentesis?
What indicates that an elevated AFP level is not a false-positive result during amniocentesis?
What technique is primarily used to guide the amniocentesis procedure?
What technique is primarily used to guide the amniocentesis procedure?
What type of cells are typically karyotyped during amniocentesis?
What type of cells are typically karyotyped during amniocentesis?
Which of the following is NOT a function of amniotic fluid?
Which of the following is NOT a function of amniotic fluid?
What volume of amniotic fluid is typically withdrawn during the amniocentesis procedure?
What volume of amniotic fluid is typically withdrawn during the amniocentesis procedure?
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Study Notes
Maternal and Neonatal Mortality
- Health of mothers and children in the Philippines is crucial for future generations, emphasizing optimal family health.
- Maternal mortality rate has improved but remains concerning at 120 per 100,000 live births as of 2013, down from 160 in 2009.
- Daily maternal deaths average approximately 11, with prevalent deaths occurring during childbirth or shortly after.
- Major causes of maternal death include complications and infections, with 4 out of 10 deaths attributed to these issues.
- For every maternal death, an estimated 40 women suffer from severe health complications.
- Rural health care access is limited; about 80% of births in rural areas occur outside health facilities.
- Insufficient management capacity within the health system and a lack of political will exacerbates maternal health issues.
- Mother-to-child transmission of HIV is a significant challenge, with up to 45% of infected mothers transmitting the virus.
Infant Mortality
- The infant mortality rate (IMR) stood at 12.5 per 1,000 live births in 2013, reflecting a slight decrease in registered infant deaths from 22,254 to 21,992.
- Top causes of infant mortality include pneumonia (14.3%), bacterial sepsis (12.4%), and respiratory distress (10.7%).
- The leading causes of infant mortality remained consistent from 2012 to 2013, with changes only in their rankings.
Genetics and Genetic Counseling
- Sex chromosomes determine biological sex: XX indicates female, XY indicates male.
- Phenotype describes outward appearance; genotype is the actual genetic composition.
- A normal genome is typically represented as 46XX for females and 46XY for males.
- Mendelian inheritance principles govern the inheritance of physical traits and diseases, categorized as dominant and recessive patterns.
- Homozygous traits possess identical genes from both parents; heterozygous traits possess different genes.
- Dominant genes will express in preference to recessive genes (e.g., brown eye gene over blue eye gene).
Inheritance Patterns
- X-linked dominant inheritance affects all female offspring of affected males, with male offspring unaffected; the condition appears in every generation.
- X-linked recessive disorders generally manifest in males since they have only one X chromosome, meaning they express the disorder if affected.
Genetic Assessment Techniques
- Chorionic villi sampling is used to analyze genetic material from trophoblast cells, reflecting fetal chromosome structure.
- Amniocentesis involves withdrawing amniotic fluid for genetic analysis, typically performed between the 14th and 16th weeks of pregnancy.
- Analysis of amniotic fluid includes karyotyping for chromosomal abnormalities and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) testing, ensuring accuracy in results.
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