Numbers and Operations

Natural Numbers: 1, 2, 3, ... (positive integers)
Whole Numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, ... (non-negative integers)
Integers: ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ... (all whole numbers and their negatives)
Rational Numbers: fractions, e.g. 1/2, 3/4, 22/7 (can be expressed as a finite decimal)
Irrational Numbers: non-repeating decimals, e.g. π, e, sqrt(2)
Real Numbers: all rational and irrational numbers

Addition: combining two or more numbers to get a total or a sum
Subtraction: finding the difference between two numbers
Multiplication: repeated addition, e.g. 3 × 4 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3
Division: sharing a quantity into equal parts, e.g. 12 ÷ 3 = 4
Exponents: shorthand for repeated multiplication, e.g. 2^3 = 2 × 2 × 2
Order of Operations: PEMDAS (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction)

Variables: letters or symbols that represent unknown values
Constants: numbers that do not change value
Equations: statements that two expressions are equal, e.g. 2x + 3 = 5
Inequalities: statements that one expression is greater than, less than, or equal to another
Functions: relations between variables, e.g. f(x) = 2x + 1

Points: locations in space, represented by coordinates (x, y)
Lines: sets of points that extend infinitely in two directions
Rays: lines that extend infinitely in one direction from a point
Angles: formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint
Shapes: geometric figures, e.g. triangles, quadrilaterals, polygons, circles

Data: collections of information
Graphs: visual representations of data, e.g. bar graphs, line graphs, histograms
Charts: tables or diagrams used to organize and display data
Statistics: methods for analyzing and summarizing data, e.g. mean, median, mode

Natural numbers are positive integers, such as 1, 2, and 3
Whole numbers include 0 and all positive integers, like 0, 1, 2, and 3
Integers include all whole numbers and their negatives, like ..., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, and 3
Rational numbers are fractions that can be expressed as a finite decimal, such as 1/2, 3/4, and 22/7
Irrational numbers are non-repeating decimals, like π, e, and sqrt(2)
Real numbers encompass all rational and irrational numbers

Addition is the process of combining two or more numbers to get a total or sum
Subtraction involves finding the difference between two numbers
Multiplication is repeated addition, like 3 × 4 = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3
Division is sharing a quantity into equal parts, like 12 ÷ 3 = 4
Exponents are shorthand for repeated multiplication, such as 2^3 = 2 × 2 × 2
The order of operations follows PEMDAS (Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication and Division, Addition and Subtraction)

Variables are letters or symbols that represent unknown values
Constants are numbers that do not change value
Equations are statements that two expressions are equal, like 2x + 3 = 5
Inequalities are statements that one expression is greater than, less than, or equal to another
Functions are relations between variables, like f(x) = 2x + 1

Points are locations in space, represented by coordinates (x, y)
Lines are sets of points that extend infinitely in two directions
Rays are lines that extend infinitely in one direction from a point
Angles are formed by two rays sharing a common endpoint
Shapes are geometric figures, like triangles, quadrilaterals, polygons, and circles

Data is a collection of information
Graphs are visual representations of data, like bar graphs, line graphs, and histograms
Charts are tables or diagrams used to organize and display data
Statistics are methods for analyzing and summarizing data, like mean, median, and mode