Number Systems and Data Representation

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Questions and Answers

What best describes an operand in programming?

  • It specifies the language level of abstraction.
  • It determines the operation requested by the instruction.
  • It provides information about the data involved in the operation. (correct)
  • It is a mnemonic for simplifying programming.

Which of the following is NOT classified as a high-level programming language?

  • Java
  • Python
  • Assembly (correct)
  • C

What distinguishes declarative programming from imperative programming?

  • Declarative programming specifies the steps needed to solve a problem.
  • Declarative programming focuses on how to achieve a result.
  • Declarative programming emphasizes what outcome is desired without specifying how to achieve it. (correct)
  • Declarative programming requires detailed memory allocation instructions.

Which programming paradigm primarily uses objects to model real-world entities?

<p>Object-oriented programming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following programming languages is an example of a fourth-generation language?

<p>Visual Basic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes very high-level programming languages?

<p>They operate fully abstracted with automatic memory allocation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which programming paradigm focuses on defining what the result should be rather than how to compute it?

<p>Declarative (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of low-level programming languages?

<p>They are similar to machine languages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primary function does an operating system serve in relation to hardware and software resources?

<p>It manages the hardware and software resources of the system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the CPU management function of an operating system?

<p>Schedules the CPU for multiple programs and keeps it busy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a characteristic of 1st Generation operating systems?

<p>They operated using machine language and time-sharing methods. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which generation of operating systems introduced multiprogramming?

<p>3rd Generation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the equation 'Digit x base ^ position' signify in numeral systems?

<p>The representation of a digit's value based on its position (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes parallel systems from other operating systems?

<p>They execute several instructions at the same time. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of distributed systems?

<p>They appear to the user as a single computer despite being a collection of independent systems. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In binary to octal conversion, what is the grouping method used?

<p>Grouping the bits into 3s (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the Control Unit (CU) within the CPU?

<p>It fetches and decodes instructions but does not execute them (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which generation of operating systems did user friendliness become a primary concern?

<p>Personal Computers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an Instruction Register in the CPU?

<p>To store the instruction currently being executed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'ubiquitous systems' refer to?

<p>Systems embedded in mobile phones and small devices. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Moore's Law is accurate?

<p>The number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles every two years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 1’s complement and 2’s complement in binary representation?

<p>They are used to represent negative numbers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines a byte?

<p>8 bits (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In an image represented as a 2D array, what does each cell typically represent?

<p>A pixel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Base

The number of digits in a number system.

Bit

A single digit in a number system, represented by 0 or 1.

Decimal to Binary Conversion

The process of converting a decimal number into its binary equivalent by repeatedly dividing by 2 and taking the remainders.

Byte

A group of 8 bits.

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CPU

The central processing unit of a computer, responsible for executing instructions and manipulating data.

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ALU

The part of the CPU that performs arithmetic and logical operations on data.

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Control Unit (CU)

The part of the CPU that controls the execution of instructions and fetches instructions from memory.

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Registers

Specialized memory locations within the CPU used to temporarily store data.

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Op-code

An instruction that specifies which operation a computer should perform. It's like telling the computer what to do.

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Operand

Provides additional information about the operation specified by the op-code. It's like the object of the verb in a sentence, telling the computer what to act upon.

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Assembly Language

A language that uses mnemonic codes to represent machine instructions. Makes programming easier to read and understand.

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Programming Language

A formal language designed to communicate tasks to a computer. It allows programmers to express algorithms and instructions.

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Syntax

The rules that define the structure of a program. This is the grammar of the language.

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Semantics

The meaning assigned to the different components of a program. This defines what the code will actually do.

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Low-Level Language

A type of programming language that is close to the machine's instructions. It provides direct control over hardware but can be difficult to write.

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High-Level Language

A type of programming language that is more abstract and easier for humans to understand. It hides complexities of hardware.

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What is an Operating System?

A program that acts as an interface between the user and the computer, managing hardware and software resources.

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What is Multiprogramming?

A process where the CPU is given to multiple programs, making it seem like they are running simultaneously.

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What is a Distributed System?

A collection of independent computers that appear to the user as a single system, often used in cloud computing.

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What are Ubiquitous/Pervasive Systems?

Operating Systems in mobile phones and other small devices, designed for efficiency and user-friendliness in compact environments.

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What is a Parallel System?

A system that executes several instructions at the same time, using multiple processors to enhance speed.

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What is Memory Management?

The process where the OS manages the allocation of memory to different programs, ensuring they have enough space to execute.

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What is File System Management?

The process of organizing and storing data on a computer's secondary storage, providing a file system for easy access.

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What is User Interface?

The way an Operating System interacts with a user, providing a user-friendly interface like menus and icons.

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Study Notes

Number Systems

  • Base is determined by the number of digits in a system.
  • Digit * base ^ position describes the relationship between a digit, its position, and the base.
  • Computers use switches to count.
  • The digits 0 and 1 are called bits.
  • Decimal to binary conversion: Divide by 2 until half, and record remainders (either 1 or 0).
  • Octal: 8 digits (0-7).
  • Hexadecimal: 16 digits (0-F).
  • Binary to Octal: Group bits into 3s from the radix point.
  • Binary to Hexadecimal: Group bits into 4s from the radix point.
  • 1 byte = 8 bits.
  • 1 nibble = 4 bits.
  • 1 pixel = 1 integer = 4 bytes.
  • Each byte equals 8 bits and has 256 values.
  • Many processors represent integers using 32 or 64 bits.
  • 0 is positive, 1 is negative.
  • 1's complement or 2's complement: flips all 0s and 1s.
  • ASCII uses 8 bits.
  • Unicode uses 8-16 bits.

Data Representation

  • Images are 2D arrays (pixels).
  • Each pixel is a number (usually an integer).

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

  • The CPU is the heart of a computer.
  • It contains circuitry to manipulate data and execute instructions.
  • CPU circuitry is made of gates, which are constructed from transistors.
  • Modern CPUs contain millions of transistors.

CPU Components

  • Registers: Temporary storage units within the CPU.
  • Bus: The physical connection between components.
  • Control Unit (CU): Coordinates computer activities, fetches instructions from programs.
  • Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.

Machine Cycle

  • Fetch: Retrieves next instruction from memory and increments program counter (PC).
  • Decode: Deciphers the instruction's bit pattern.
  • Execute: Performs the decoded instruction.

Machine Instruction

  • Op-code: Specifies the operation requested.
  • Operand: Provides information about the operation.

Programming Languages

  • A formal language for communicating tasks to a machine.
  • Includes syntax (program's form) and semantics (program meaning).

Operating Systems

  • A software/firmware interface between users and computers.
  • Manages hardware and software resources.
  • Provides a way for applications to interact with hardware.
  • Functions include device management, CPU management, memory management, file system management, application interface, and user interface.

Operating Systems Generations

  • Early systems lacked operating systems; users interacted directly through machine language.
  • Batch processing (2nd generation) assigned time slots for users.
  • Multiprogramming (3rd generation) gave the illusion of simultaneous program execution.
  • Multiprogramming and time-sharing systems advanced in the 4th generation.
  • Personal computers emerged in the 1980s, with multiprogramming still key.
  • Networks and user-friendliness were important for PCs.
  • Advanced operating systems deal with parallel and distributed computing, as well as ubiquitous/pervasive systems.

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