Number Systems and Data Representation

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Questions and Answers

What best describes an operand in programming?

It specifies the language level of abstraction.

It determines the operation requested by the instruction.

It provides information about the data involved in the operation. (correct)

It is a mnemonic for simplifying programming.

Which of the following is NOT classified as a high-level programming language?

Java

Python

Assembly (correct)

What distinguishes declarative programming from imperative programming?

Declarative programming specifies the steps needed to solve a problem.

Declarative programming focuses on how to achieve a result.

Declarative programming emphasizes what outcome is desired without specifying how to achieve it. (correct)

Declarative programming requires detailed memory allocation instructions.

Which programming paradigm primarily uses objects to model real-world entities?

Object-oriented programming Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following programming languages is an example of a fourth-generation language?

Visual Basic Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes very high-level programming languages?

They operate fully abstracted with automatic memory allocation. Signup and view all the answers

Which programming paradigm focuses on defining what the result should be rather than how to compute it?

Declarative Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of low-level programming languages?

They are similar to machine languages. Signup and view all the answers

What primary function does an operating system serve in relation to hardware and software resources?

It manages the hardware and software resources of the system. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the CPU management function of an operating system?

Schedules the CPU for multiple programs and keeps it busy. Signup and view all the answers

What was a characteristic of 1st Generation operating systems?

They operated using machine language and time-sharing methods. Signup and view all the answers

Which generation of operating systems introduced multiprogramming?

3rd Generation Signup and view all the answers

What does the equation 'Digit x base ^ position' signify in numeral systems?

The representation of a digit's value based on its position Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes parallel systems from other operating systems?

They execute several instructions at the same time. Signup and view all the answers

What is a feature of distributed systems?

They appear to the user as a single computer despite being a collection of independent systems. Signup and view all the answers

In binary to octal conversion, what is the grouping method used?

Grouping the bits into 3s Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the function of the Control Unit (CU) within the CPU?

It fetches and decodes instructions but does not execute them Signup and view all the answers

In which generation of operating systems did user friendliness become a primary concern?

Personal Computers Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an Instruction Register in the CPU?

To store the instruction currently being executed Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'ubiquitous systems' refer to?

Systems embedded in mobile phones and small devices. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about Moore's Law is accurate?

The number of transistors on integrated circuits doubles every two years Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 1’s complement and 2’s complement in binary representation?

They are used to represent negative numbers Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines a byte?

8 bits Signup and view all the answers

In an image represented as a 2D array, what does each cell typically represent?

A pixel Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Number Systems

Base is determined by the number of digits in a system.
Digit * base ^ position describes the relationship between a digit, its position, and the base.
Computers use switches to count.
The digits 0 and 1 are called bits.
Decimal to binary conversion: Divide by 2 until half, and record remainders (either 1 or 0).
Octal: 8 digits (0-7).
Hexadecimal: 16 digits (0-F).
Binary to Octal: Group bits into 3s from the radix point.
Binary to Hexadecimal: Group bits into 4s from the radix point.
1 byte = 8 bits.
1 nibble = 4 bits.
1 pixel = 1 integer = 4 bytes.
Each byte equals 8 bits and has 256 values.
Many processors represent integers using 32 or 64 bits.
0 is positive, 1 is negative.
1's complement or 2's complement: flips all 0s and 1s.
ASCII uses 8 bits.
Unicode uses 8-16 bits.

Data Representation

Images are 2D arrays (pixels).
Each pixel is a number (usually an integer).

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

The CPU is the heart of a computer.
It contains circuitry to manipulate data and execute instructions.
CPU circuitry is made of gates, which are constructed from transistors.
Modern CPUs contain millions of transistors.

CPU Components

Registers: Temporary storage units within the CPU.
Bus: The physical connection between components.
Control Unit (CU): Coordinates computer activities, fetches instructions from programs.
Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.

Machine Cycle

Fetch: Retrieves next instruction from memory and increments program counter (PC).
Decode: Deciphers the instruction's bit pattern.
Execute: Performs the decoded instruction.

Machine Instruction

Op-code: Specifies the operation requested.
Operand: Provides information about the operation.

Programming Languages

A formal language for communicating tasks to a machine.
Includes syntax (program's form) and semantics (program meaning).

Operating Systems

A software/firmware interface between users and computers.
Manages hardware and software resources.
Provides a way for applications to interact with hardware.
Functions include device management, CPU management, memory management, file system management, application interface, and user interface.

Operating Systems Generations

Early systems lacked operating systems; users interacted directly through machine language.
Batch processing (2nd generation) assigned time slots for users.
Multiprogramming (3rd generation) gave the illusion of simultaneous program execution.
Multiprogramming and time-sharing systems advanced in the 4th generation.
Personal computers emerged in the 1980s, with multiprogramming still key.
Networks and user-friendliness were important for PCs.
Advanced operating systems deal with parallel and distributed computing, as well as ubiquitous/pervasive systems.

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Description

This quiz covers essential concepts in number systems including binary, octal, and hexadecimal systems. It also delves into data representation in computers, explaining how images are organized as 2D arrays. Test your knowledge on how CPUs utilize these systems for processing data.