59 Questions
What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?
Pyrimidines and purines
Which type of sugar is found in DNA nucleotides?
Deoxyribose
What type of bonds join adjacent nucleotides in a polynucleotide?
Phosphodiester linkages
What is the name given to nitrogenous bases that can bond together due to their shapes?
Complementary bases
In a DNA molecule, how do the two polynucleotides run in relation to each other?
Antiparallel
Why is DNA used for long-term information storage in cells instead of RNA?
DNA is more stable and less prone to degradation
How many covalent bonds can carbon form?
4
Which atoms are involved in forming covalent bonds in organic molecules?
Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen
What gives organic molecules different chemical properties?
Functional groups
How are macromolecules formed from monomers?
Condensation reactions
What is the general term for the building blocks of proteins?
Amino acids
What is the term for the long molecules formed by many amino acids linked together?
Polypeptides
What is a structural difference between DNA and RNA?
In DNA, the nitrogenous base thymine is replaced by uracil in RNA.
Which pentose sugar is found in DNA?
Deoxyribose
What are the major functions of carbohydrates?
Fuel, building material, and cell identity markers
What type of bond is formed between two monosaccharides during polymerization?
Glycosidic bond
Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?
Uracil
What is the general term for the monomers of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
Which type of polysaccharide is primarily used by animals for energy storage?
Glycogen
What is the function of cellulose in plant cell walls?
Structural support
Which class of large biological molecules do not form polymers?
Lipids
What is the primary reason why lipids are hydrophobic?
Consist mostly of carbon-hydrogen bonds
Which lipid is important for cell membranes due to its amphipathic nature?
Phospholipids
What do lipids primarily function as in biological systems?
Energy storage
How is the primary structure of a protein determined?
By the unique sequence of amino acids in a protein
What can radically alter protein function?
A single amino acid change
What is responsible for forming a protein's secondary structure?
Hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl group and the amino group
What contributes to the distinctive three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide?
Interactions between R-groups and the peptide backbone
When does a protein acquire its unique three-dimensional shape?
At the primary structure level
What results in quaternary structure in proteins?
Two or more polypeptide chains coming together
Where does protein synthesis take place in a eukaryotic cell?
Cytosol
Which component of the endomembrane system is mainly involved in the synthesis of lipids?
Endoplasmic reticulum
What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in protein synthesis?
It has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein synthesis
Which region of the endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes?
Smooth ER
What is the main function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a eukaryotic cell?
Detoxification of chemicals
Which organelle is responsible for modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids and proteins in a eukaryotic cell?
Golgi apparatus
What is the primary function of microfilaments in cell division of animal cells?
Pulling the duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell
What structures are found in the centrosome of animal cells?
Pairs of centrioles
What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?
Cytoplasm is equally distributed into two daughter cells
What is the role of centrioles in cell division?
Pulling duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell
Why is the exact function of centrioles in cell division unclear?
Even without centrosomes, cells can still divide
What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?
Modification, sorting, and packaging of macromolecules
What would be the consequence if the lysosomal membrane breaks down?
Release of inactive hydrolytic enzymes at neutral pH
At what pH are the hydrolytic enzymes within lysosomes active?
pH 5
What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?
Digestion of macromolecules
Which organelle in a eukaryotic cell is primarily responsible for packaging materials into transport vesicles?
Golgi apparatus
What maintains the acidic internal pH of lysosomes?
Proton pump in the lysosomal membrane
Which molecules can cause oxidative stress in cells by reacting with and damaging DNA and lipid-based molecules?
ROSs
Which component of the cytoskeleton is responsible for anchoring the nucleus and certain organelles in a cell?
Intermediate filaments
What is the function of microfilaments within a cell?
Cytoplasmic streaming
Which components control the beating of cilia and flagella in cells?
Microtubules
What is the primary role of catalases and peroxidases within cells?
Breaking down ROSs
In what cellular activity are microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments all involved?
Cell motility
What distinguishes plant cells from animal cells in terms of their extracellular structure?
Plant cells have a cell wall while animal cells have an extracellular matrix (ECM)
Which protein is the most abundant in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of most animal cells?
Collagen
What are some key functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells?
Structural support, cell movement, and cell-to-cell signaling
Which molecule is responsible for protecting the plant cell, maintaining its shape, and preventing excessive water uptake?
Cellulose fibers
What do ECM proteins bind to in the plasma membrane of animal cells?
Integrins
What type of carbohydrates are plant cell walls primarily made of?
Polysaccharides
Learn about the components of nucleotides, including nitrogenous bases, pentose sugar, and phosphate group. Explore the two families of nitrogenous bases - pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, and uracil) and purines (adenine and guanine). Understand the differences between DNA and RNA in terms of sugar composition.
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