Nucleotides Composition and Structure
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Questions and Answers

What are the two families of nitrogenous bases?

  • Cytosine and thymine
  • Deoxyribose and ribose
  • Adenine and guanine
  • Pyrimidines and purines (correct)

Which type of sugar is found in DNA nucleotides?

  • Ribose
  • Deoxyribose (correct)
  • Lactose
  • Glucose

What type of bonds join adjacent nucleotides in a polynucleotide?

  • Ionic bonds
  • Phosphodiester linkages (correct)
  • Covalent bonds
  • Hydrogen bonds

What is the name given to nitrogenous bases that can bond together due to their shapes?

<p>Complementary bases (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a DNA molecule, how do the two polynucleotides run in relation to each other?

<p>Antiparallel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is DNA used for long-term information storage in cells instead of RNA?

<p>DNA is more stable and less prone to degradation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many covalent bonds can carbon form?

<p>4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which atoms are involved in forming covalent bonds in organic molecules?

<p>Carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What gives organic molecules different chemical properties?

<p>Functional groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are macromolecules formed from monomers?

<p>Condensation reactions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general term for the building blocks of proteins?

<p>Amino acids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the long molecules formed by many amino acids linked together?

<p>Polypeptides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a structural difference between DNA and RNA?

<p>In DNA, the nitrogenous base thymine is replaced by uracil in RNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which pentose sugar is found in DNA?

<p>Deoxyribose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major functions of carbohydrates?

<p>Fuel, building material, and cell identity markers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is formed between two monosaccharides during polymerization?

<p>Glycosidic bond (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which nitrogenous base is unique to RNA and not found in DNA?

<p>Uracil (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general term for the monomers of carbohydrates?

<p>Monosaccharides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of polysaccharide is primarily used by animals for energy storage?

<p>Glycogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cellulose in plant cell walls?

<p>Structural support (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which class of large biological molecules do not form polymers?

<p>Lipids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why lipids are hydrophobic?

<p>Consist mostly of carbon-hydrogen bonds (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which lipid is important for cell membranes due to its amphipathic nature?

<p>Phospholipids (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do lipids primarily function as in biological systems?

<p>Energy storage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the primary structure of a protein determined?

<p>By the unique sequence of amino acids in a protein (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can radically alter protein function?

<p>A single amino acid change (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is responsible for forming a protein's secondary structure?

<p>Hydrogen bonds between the carboxyl group and the amino group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the distinctive three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide?

<p>Interactions between R-groups and the peptide backbone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When does a protein acquire its unique three-dimensional shape?

<p>At the primary structure level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What results in quaternary structure in proteins?

<p>Two or more polypeptide chains coming together (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does protein synthesis take place in a eukaryotic cell?

<p>Cytosol (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the endomembrane system is mainly involved in the synthesis of lipids?

<p>Endoplasmic reticulum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in protein synthesis?

<p>It has ribosomes attached and is involved in protein synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region of the endoplasmic reticulum lacks ribosomes?

<p>Smooth ER (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in a eukaryotic cell?

<p>Detoxification of chemicals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle is responsible for modifying, packaging, and transporting lipids and proteins in a eukaryotic cell?

<p>Golgi apparatus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of microfilaments in cell division of animal cells?

<p>Pulling the duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures are found in the centrosome of animal cells?

<p>Pairs of centrioles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during cytokinesis in animal cells?

<p>Cytoplasm is equally distributed into two daughter cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of centrioles in cell division?

<p>Pulling duplicated chromosomes to opposite ends of the dividing cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is the exact function of centrioles in cell division unclear?

<p>Even without centrosomes, cells can still divide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Golgi apparatus?

<p>Modification, sorting, and packaging of macromolecules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the consequence if the lysosomal membrane breaks down?

<p>Release of inactive hydrolytic enzymes at neutral pH (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what pH are the hydrolytic enzymes within lysosomes active?

<p>pH 5 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of lysosomes in a cell?

<p>Digestion of macromolecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which organelle in a eukaryotic cell is primarily responsible for packaging materials into transport vesicles?

<p>Golgi apparatus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What maintains the acidic internal pH of lysosomes?

<p>Proton pump in the lysosomal membrane (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecules can cause oxidative stress in cells by reacting with and damaging DNA and lipid-based molecules?

<p>ROSs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the cytoskeleton is responsible for anchoring the nucleus and certain organelles in a cell?

<p>Intermediate filaments (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of microfilaments within a cell?

<p>Cytoplasmic streaming (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which components control the beating of cilia and flagella in cells?

<p>Microtubules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of catalases and peroxidases within cells?

<p>Breaking down ROSs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what cellular activity are microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments all involved?

<p>Cell motility (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes plant cells from animal cells in terms of their extracellular structure?

<p>Plant cells have a cell wall while animal cells have an extracellular matrix (ECM) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which protein is the most abundant in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of most animal cells?

<p>Collagen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are some key functions of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of animal cells?

<p>Structural support, cell movement, and cell-to-cell signaling (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule is responsible for protecting the plant cell, maintaining its shape, and preventing excessive water uptake?

<p>Cellulose fibers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do ECM proteins bind to in the plasma membrane of animal cells?

<p>Integrins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of carbohydrates are plant cell walls primarily made of?

<p>Polysaccharides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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