Nucleic Acids: Structure and Function Quiz

<p>Prevent attack by nucleases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It maintains telomere length (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A sugar, a base, and a phosphate group (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Covalent bonds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10 base pairs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Genome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>mRNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anti-parallel and complementary (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RNA has a ribose sugar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Histones (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases DNA affinity and decompacts chromatin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eukaryotic DNA replication is bidirectional with multiple origins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maintains separation of parental DNA strands (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Leading strand is synthesized continuously while lagging strand is discontinuous (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Telomeres (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A template DNA strand and a primer with a free 3' end (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They were shorter than expected for her chronological age. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each daughter molecule contains one parental and one new strand (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They shorten. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To package and condense DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enhancement of telomerase activity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They serve as the starting point for DNA polymerase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cytosine arabinoside (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>UV radiation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mutation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To protect chromosome ends. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>DNA and RNA (A), Deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uracil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To store genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Deoxyribose has an H instead of an OH group at the 2’ position (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Central dogma of molecular biology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>5 in RNA and 4 in DNA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal and paternal genetic information (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Enzymes that relieve torsional stress in DNA by removing supercoils that form during unwinding.

An enzyme that seals nicks in DNA after DNA polymerase fills the gaps left by RNA primers during replication.

Protective repetitive stretches of DNA at the ends of chromosomes that shorten with each cell division.

An enzyme that maintains telomere length by adding repetitive DNA sequences to the ends of chromosomes.

1. To protect the structural integrity of the chromosome, preventing attack by nucleases.
2. To prevent the ends of chromosomes from being recognized as broken DNA.

A building block of nucleic acids, composed of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

The bond that connects nucleotides together in a nucleic acid chain, forming a covalent bond between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next.

The complete set of genetic instructions for an organism, encoded in its DNA.

A segment of DNA that carries the instructions for building a specific RNA and/or protein.

The process by which DNA is tightly compacted and organized within the nucleus of a cell.

The complex of DNA and proteins, primarily histones, that make up the chromosomes in eukaryotic cells.

Small, basic proteins that bind to DNA and help package it into chromatin.

DNA is double-stranded, contains thymine (T), and has deoxyribose sugar, while RNA is single-stranded, contains uracil (U), and has ribose sugar.

Biomolecules made of nucleotide building blocks that carry genetic information. They are essential for life, directing the synthesis of proteins and controlling cellular processes.

Double-ringed nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids. Adenine (A) and Guanine (G) are purines.

Single-ringed nitrogenous bases found in nucleic acids. Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U) are pyrimidines.

A five-carbon sugar found in DNA. It differs from ribose by having a hydrogen atom instead of a hydroxyl group at the 2' position.

The fundamental principle in molecular biology that describes the flow of genetic information from DNA to RNA to protein.

Telomeres shorten with each cell division in normal somatic cells, which limits their lifespan.

Telomeres are crucial for maintaining genomic stability and preventing premature cell death. They also play a role in aging and disease.

Cancer cells often have mechanisms to prevent telomere shortening, allowing them to divide indefinitely.

Modified nucleotides that can inhibit DNA synthesis by interrupting the chain lengthening process.

An anti-retroviral drug that inhibits HIV replication by terminating DNA chain elongation.

An anticancer drug that halts DNA chain elongation by replacing deoxyribose with arabinose.

DNA damage can be induced by environmental factors (chemicals, radiation), errors in cellular processes (replication errors), and natural chemical changes (oxidation).

This principle explains how negatively charged DNA is attracted to positively charged proteins like histones, forming the basis of the nucleosome structure. This interaction is crucial for packaging and compacting DNA within the nucleus.

A histone protein that binds to linker DNA, the 50-70 bp of DNA that connects adjacent nucleosomes. It helps further condense the DNA by pulling adjacent nucleosomes closer together.

Changes in the structure and function of histones by processes like acetylation, methylation, or phosphorylation. These alterations affect the charge and shape of histones, influencing DNA accessibility for processes like replication and transcription.

Each new DNA molecule consists of one original parent strand and one newly synthesized strand. This process ensures that the genetic information is passed on accurately to daughter cells.

Eukaryotic DNA replication proceeds in both directions from multiple starting points along the DNA molecule, allowing for faster replication of large genomes.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides, adding them to the 3' end of a growing DNA chain during replication.

The Y-shaped structure formed during DNA replication, where the parental strands separate and serve as templates for new strands. The leading strand is synthesized continuously, while the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short fragments called Okazaki fragments.