Nucleic Acids and Genome Organization: Structure and Properties

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Which of the following best describes the central dogma of molecular biology?

Proteins are transcribed into RNA, which is translated into DNA
RNA is transcribed into DNA, which is translated into protein
Proteins are transcribed into DNA, which is translated into RNA
DNA is transcribed into RNA, which is translated into protein (correct)

What is the function of histones in the packing of DNA?

To prevent DNA replication
To promote mutations in the DNA sequence
To introduce breaks in the DNA strands
To stabilize the DNA structure (correct)

Which of the following is a characteristic of euchromatin?

It is tightly packed
It contains highly condensed DNA
It is transcriptionally inactive
It is involved in active transcription (correct)

What term is used to describe an alternative version of a gene that can produce distinguishable phenotypic effects?

Allele (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a type of RNA involved in bringing amino acids to the ribosome for protein synthesis?

tRNA (C) Signup and view all the answers

What type of chromosomal abnormality results from a change in the overall number of chromosomes, such as trisomy and monosomy?

Aneuploidy (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the composition of somatic cells?

22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes and two sex chromosomes (D) Signup and view all the answers

In a human haploid genome, approximately how many nucleotides are present?

3,000,000,000 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of colchicine in karyotyping?

It binds to tubulin and inhibits mitosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of mRNA in the cell?

Carrying genetic information from nucleus to the site of protein synthesis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate percentage of ribosomal RNAs in the total RNA of a cell?

~70% (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of tRNA?

It is single-stranded (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of microRNA (miRNA) in the cell?

Repressing protein biosynthesis by preventing ribosome binding to mRNA (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which scientist first isolated DNA from pus on surgical bandages in 1869 and termed it 'nuclein'?

Freidrich Meischner (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) is true?

>200 bp long (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of small nuclear RNAs (snRNA) in the cell?

Maturation of RNA precursors and splicing (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of copying and transferring genetic information to daughter cells called?

Replication (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about nucleic acids?

They are composed of repeating units called nucleotides. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do eukaryotic mRNAs consist of?

Cap on the 5’-end, coding region, and poly-A tail on the 3’-end (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of primers in DNA replication?

Provides a starting point for DNA polymerase to begin synthesizing a new DNA strand (B) Signup and view all the answers

What do nucleotides consist of?

The base, sugar, and phosphate (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ribosomes in the cell?

Carries amino acids to ribosomes during translation (B) Signup and view all the answers

In DNA, which of the following nucleotide base pairs with thymine?

Adenine (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common form of DNA?

B form (D) Signup and view all the answers

What process converts double-stranded DNA to single-stranded DNA?

Denaturation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does Tm refer to in the context of DNA?

'Melting temperature' (B) Signup and view all the answers

'Euchromatin' in eukaryotes is characterized as:

'Transcriptionally active' (C) Signup and view all the answers

'Heterochromatin' in eukaryotes is characterized as:

'Transcriptionally silent' (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is mitochondrial DNA?

A double-stranded circular molecule with 16,569bp that is inherited mainly maternally. (C) Signup and view all the answers