Questions and Answers
Which of the following statements are true when describing a proton? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following statements are true when describing a neutron? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following statements are true when describing an electron? (Select all that apply)
Which of the following criteria is true when describing the isotope of $^{131}I_{53}$? (Select all that apply)
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How many neutrons are in the nucleus of $^{137}Cs_{55}$?
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What is the term used for two or more forms of the same element that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei?
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Which of the following statements are true when describing mass defect and binding energy? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following statements are true when describing alpha decay? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following statements are true when describing beta decay? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following statements are true when describing positron decay? (Select all that apply)
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What are the half-lives of 1/8?
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Which of the following statements are true when describing the chart of nuclides? (Select all that apply)
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What is the term used to describe when a low energy gamma interacts with an electron and all the photon energy is imparted to the electron in the form of kinetic energy? (Select all that apply)
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What is the term used to describe when a gamma interacts with an electron and only imparts a portion of its energy to the electron, reducing the energy of the gamma and changing its direction? (Select all that apply)
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What is the term used to describe when a high energy gamma interacts with a large nucleus and all of the photon energy is converted to a beta particle and a positron with kinetic energy? (Select all that apply)
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What is the minimum energy for a photon for pair production to occur?
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What is the term when a neutron strikes a small nucleus and no energy is transferred to excite the target nucleus?
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What term is used to average the number of ion pairs produced by a charged particle per unit length of travel?
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What is the term used to describe when a photon strikes an electron but the electron does not have enough energy to escape the atom?
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_____ ionization refers to the ion pairs produced by an electron that has been ejected from an atom due to the radiation interaction.
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A typical ______ particle has a range of approximately 1 to 2 inches of air.
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A typical ______ particle has a range of approximately 0.5 in tissue or water.
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What is the term for when a neutron strikes a large nucleus and transfers some of its kinetic energy to the excitation of the nucleus?
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Which following isotopes are activated corrosion products? (Select all that apply)
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Which of the following isotopes are produced by the activation of impurities in reactor coolant? (Select all that apply)
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Study Notes
Protons, Neutrons, and Electrons
- Protons are nucleons with a positive charge and a mass of approximately 1 AMU.
- Neutrons are nucleons with no charge and a mass roughly equal to 1 AMU.
- Electrons have a negative charge and a mass of about 1/1832 AMU.
Isotopes
- Isotopes are forms of the same element with equal protons but differing numbers of neutrons.
- The isotope I-131 has 131 nucleons, 53 protons, and 78 neutrons.
- Cs-137 has 55 protons and 82 neutrons in its nucleus.
Mass Defect and Binding Energy
- Mass defect refers to the mass lost when nucleons bind together, converted into binding energy.
- The nucleus has less mass than the sum of its individual particles.
Types of Radioactive Decay
- Alpha Decay: Involves the emission of an alpha particle (2 protons and 2 neutrons) with a mass of 4 AMU; occurs in large isotopes (Z>88, mass>210).
- Beta Decay: A neutron transforms into a proton and an electron, with the electron ejected and a spectrum of energy produced.
- Positron Decay: A proton changes into a neutron and emits a positron; has a mass similar to an electron approximately 1/1832 AMU.
Nuclear Data
- The half-life of 1/8 is typically 3 periods.
- A chart of nuclides displays protons on the vertical axis; relevant isotopes are marked to indicate stability or fission products.
Photon Interactions
- The photoelectric effect occurs when a low-energy gamma photon transfers all its energy to an electron.
- Compton scattering is when a gamma photon transfers only part of its energy to an electron.
- Pair production happens when a high-energy photon creates a beta particle and a positron upon interacting with a nucleus; requires a minimum energy of 1.022 MeV.
Nuclear Scattering
- Elastic scattering occurs when a neutron strikes a small nucleus without transferring energy for excitation.
- Inelastic scattering involves energy transfer to excite a larger nucleus during neutron interactions.
Energy Transfer Terms
- Linear energy transfer averages the ion pairs resulting from charged particle travels.
- Excitation describes a photon striking an electron without providing enough energy to eject it from the atom.
Ionization Types
- Secondary ionization refers to ion pairs created by an ejected electron from radiation interaction.
Range of Particles
- Alpha particles typically have a range of 1 to 2 inches in air.
- Beta particles have a range of approximately 0.5 inches in tissue or water.
Activation Products
- Activated corrosion products include isotopes such as Co-58, Co-60, and Mn-56.
- Isotopes produced by activating impurities in reactor coolant include Na-24, H-3, and Ar-41.
Studying That Suits You
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Description
Test your knowledge of nuclear particles with these flashcards. This quiz covers the characteristics of protons, neutrons, and electrons, including their charges and masses. Perfect for students of physics or anyone interested in atomic structure.
