Nuclear Medicine Physics: Radionuclides Production
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason alpha or beta particles are not used in imaging?

  • They have high energy photons
  • They are difficult to detect
  • They have a short range in tissue (correct)
  • They are not monoenergetic

    • What is the ideal energy range for gamma rays in imaging?

  • 50-300 keV (correct)
  • 5000-10000 keV
  • 1000-2000 keV
  • 300-500 keV

    • Why is it desirable for a radionuclide to emit monoenergetic gamma rays?

  • To increase spatial resolution
  • To attach to pharmaceuticals
  • To eliminate scattered radiation (correct)
  • To increase specific activity

    • What is a desirable property of a radionuclide for imaging?

    <p>Easy attachment to pharmaceuticals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it desirable for a radionuclide to be readily available at the hospital site?

    <p>To facilitate timely imaging procedures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a desirable property of a radiopharmaceutical?

    <p>Localization in the target tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is high specific activity characterized by?

    <p>High activity per unit volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a radionuclide ideally decay to?

    <p>A stable daughter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of forcing an additional neutron into a stable nucleus?

    <p>A neutron excess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a medical minicyclotron?

    <p>To produce short-lived radionuclides at or near the hospital site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of forcing an additional proton into a stable nucleus, knocking out a neutron?

    <p>A neutron deficit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the change in the atomic number of a nucleus when an additional neutron is forced into it?

    <p>It remains unchanged</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life range of radionuclides produced in a cyclotron?

    <p>From less than a minute to a couple of hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the target material in a cyclotron?

    <p>Any stable nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the reaction 98Mo + n → 99Mo?

    <p>A neutron excess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many known radionuclides are there?

    <p>Over 2700</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of decay is represented in the graph of the number of nuclei present as a function of time?

    <p>Exponential decay</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical half-life of a radionuclide unaffected by?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the range of physical half-lives for radionuclides?

    <p>From fractions of a second to millennia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a pharmaceutical that has been labelled with a radionuclide referred to as?

    <p>Radiopharmaceutical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the metabolic properties of a radiopharmaceutical in medical imaging?

    <p>To concentrate the radionuclide in the tissues or organ of interest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the half-life of a radionuclide when it is used in medical imaging?

    <p>Effective half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the physical half-life of a radionuclide in medical imaging?

    <p>To determine the shelf life of the radiopharmaceutical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a radionuclide with a half-life of less than a minute useless in medical imaging?

    <p>It decays too quickly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary criteria for a radiopharmaceutical to be effective?

    <p>To have low toxicity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using a generator in radiopharmaceuticals?

    <p>To reduce the decay during transport and storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of radionuclide imaging uses Technetium-99m (99mTc)?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of Technetium-99m (99mTc)?

    <p>6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy of the gamma emission of Technetium-99m (99mTc)?

    <p>141 keV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the exchange column of alumina beads in the Technetium generator?

    <p>To absorb the parent 99Mo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of the parent 99Mo in the Technetium generator?

    <p>67 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it possible to administer a reasonably large activity of Technetium-99m (99mTc)?

    <p>Due to its short half-life and pure gamma emission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the daughter and parent in a technetium generator?

    <p>They decay together with the halflife of the parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of eluting the technetium-99m generator?

    <p>To wash off the technetium-99m as sodium pertechnetate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the activity of technetium-99m in the column after 24 hours?

    <p>It grows again to a new maximum value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How often can the technetium-99m generator be eluted?

    <p>Daily, but the strength of successive eluents diminishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical lifespan of a technetium-99m generator?

    <p>A week</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sodium pertechnetate-99mTc used for?

    <p>Imaging of the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the pressure system in the technetium generator?

    <p>To elute the technetium-99m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the halflife of technetium-99m in the column?

    <p>6 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is left behind on the column after elution?

    <p>The molybdenum-99</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the technetium-99m generator replaced after a week?

    <p>The activity of the technetium-99m decreases significantly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of 123I over 131I for imaging?

    <p>Cyclotron production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Xenon-133 in medical imaging?

    <p>Lung ventilation imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of Krypton-81m, a radionuclide used in pulmonary ventilation studies?

    <p>7.13 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following radionuclides is used in brachytherapy seeds?

    <p>125I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of production for Xenon-133?

    <p>Nuclear reactor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of administering potassium perchlorate in radionuclide imaging?

    <p>To block the thyroid from taking up iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the radionuclide labelled compound used for cerebral blood flow imaging?

    <p>Hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the radionuclide labelled compound used for renal studies?

    <p>Dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using autologous red cells in radionuclide imaging?

    <p>For cardiac function studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the radionuclide used for biliary studies?

    <p>Iminodiacetic acid (HIDA)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of Gallium-67 (67Ga) used in tumor detection?

    <p>67 h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy of the gamma rays emitted by Indium-111 (111In) used in labeling white blood cells and platelets?

    <p>171.3 keV and 245.4 keV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common use of 18F, a positron emitter, in PET scans?

    <p>Brain and heart metabolism, as well as epilepsy and tumor detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of Indium-113m (113mIn) used sometimes instead of Indium-111?

    <p>100 min</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy of the gamma rays emitted by Indium-113m (113mIn)?

    <p>390 keV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a desirable property of a radionuclide for imaging in terms of gamma ray energy?

    <p>Energy between 50-300 keV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it desirable for a radionuclide to have a high specific activity?

    <p>To increase the activity per unit volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a desirable property of a radiopharmaceutical in terms of localisation?

    <p>To localise quickly in the target tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are alpha or beta particles not used in imaging?

    <p>They have a short range in tissue and deposit unnecessary dose in the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a desirable property of a radionuclide in terms of attachment to a pharmaceutical?

    <p>Firm attachment at room temperature with no effect on metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when an additional neutron is forced into a stable nucleus?

    <p>The mass number of the nucleus remains unchanged.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of accelerator is used to produce radionuclides with a neutron deficit?

    <p>Cyclotron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are medical minicyclotrons designed?

    <p>To produce short-lived radionuclides at or near the hospital site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of radionuclides produced in a cyclotron?

    <p>Short half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it necessary to have a cyclotron near the hospital site?

    <p>To use short-lived radionuclides reasonably close to the cyclotron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of the physical half-life of a radionuclide?

    <p>It is a fixed characteristic of the radionuclide.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a pharmaceutical labeled with a radionuclide in medical imaging?

    <p>To concentrate in the tissues or organ of interest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a pharmaceutical that has been labeled with a radionuclide?

    <p>Radiopharmaceutical.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life range of radionuclides used in medical imaging?

    <p>From fractions of a second to millennia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which radionuclide is used in pulmonary ventilation studies?

    <p>Krypton-81m.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using a generator in radiopharmaceuticals?

    <p>It reduces the decay during transport and storage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy of the gamma emission of Technetium-99m (99mTc)?

    <p>141 keV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Technetium-99m (99mTc) used in 90% of radionuclide imaging?

    <p>It fulfils most of the desirable criteria for a radiopharmaceutical</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the exchange column of alumina beads in the Technetium generator?

    <p>To absorb the parent 99Mo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of the parent 99Mo in the Technetium generator?

    <p>67 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effective half-life (teff) dependent on?

    <p>Both the physical half-life (tphys) and biological half-life (tbiol)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a radionuclide with a physical half-life of a few hours desirable for imaging?

    <p>Because it matches the time from preparation to injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the radioactivity in specific tissue, organ, or whole body when a radiopharmaceutical is administered to a patient?

    <p>It decreases because of radioactive decay and metabolic turnover and excretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for the effective half-life (teff)?

    <p>1/teff = 1/tbiol + 1/tphys</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the biological half-life (tbiol)?

    <p>The time it takes for the radiopharmaceutical to be eliminated from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physical half-life (tphys)?

    <p>The time it takes for the radioactivity to decay physically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effective half-life (teff) compared to the biological and physical half-lives?

    <p>Shorter than both</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the effective half-life (teff) in a patient?

    <p>Both the radiopharmaceutical used and the organ involved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is a physical half-life of a few hours desirable for imaging?

    <p>Because it matches the time from preparation to injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the radiopharmaceutical when it is administered to a patient?

    <p>It is gradually eliminated from the tissue, organ, and whole body</p> Signup and view all the answers

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