Nuclear Medicine Physics: Radionuclide Production
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Questions and Answers

How many known radionuclides are there?

  • More than 4000
  • Less than 100
  • Over 1000
  • Around 2700 (correct)

    • What happens when an additional neutron is forced into a stable nucleus?

  • The nucleus becomes unstable
  • The atomic number of the nucleus increases
  • A neutron excess occurs (correct)
  • The mass of the nucleus remains unchanged

    • What is the result of forcing an additional proton into a stable nucleus, knocking out a neutron?

  • A neutron deficit occurs (correct)
  • The mass of the nucleus increases
  • The nucleus becomes stable
  • The atomic number of the nucleus decreases

    • In which type of facility do radionuclides produced through neutron excess have a long half-life?

    <p>None of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are medical minicyclotrons usually located?

    <p>At a hospital site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life range of radionuclides produced in a cyclotron?

    <p>From less than a minute to a couple of hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the imaging technique that uses positron emitters?

    <p>PET</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of radioactive disintegration considered to be?

    <p>Stochastic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the quantity of radioactivity measured?

    <p>By the transformation rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the SI unit of radioactivity?

    <p>Becquerel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the activity of a radioactive sample?

    <p>The rate of disintegration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens when gamma rays enter a detector?

    <p>They may be registered individually as counts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cyclotron commonly used for in nuclear medicine?

    <p>Producing radioactive isotopes for diagnostic scans and therapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of accelerating charged particles in a cyclotron?

    <p>Collisions with a target material to produce radionuclides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can molybdenum-99 be obtained?

    <p>Through chemical separation from spent fuel rods</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a generator in producing radionuclides?

    <p>To obtain a daughter product from a longer-lived radioactive parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to radionuclides with a neutron excess during radioactive transformation?

    <p>They lose energy and become stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a neutron changing into a proton plus an electron?

    <p>A radionuclide with a neutron excess becomes stable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are alpha or beta particles not used in imaging?

    <p>They have a short range in tissue and deposit unnecessary dose in the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ideal energy range for gamma rays in imaging?

    <p>50-300 keV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of monoenergetic gamma rays?

    <p>Scattered radiation can be eliminated by energy discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a desirable property of a radionuclide for imaging?

    <p>Emission of gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it important for a radionuclide to be easily attached to a pharmaceutical?

    <p>It has no affect on its metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a desirable property of a radiopharmaceutical?

    <p>Localization in the target tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of 123I over 125I in imaging?

    <p>Superior imaging properties</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of 131I in medical applications?

    <p>Thyroid ablation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of decay for 123I?

    <p>Electron capture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Xenon-133 in medical applications?

    <p>Lung ventilation imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of production for Krypton-81m?

    <p>Generator production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the challenge associated with the use of Rubidium-81?

    <p>Short half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of Gallium-67 in medical applications?

    <p>To detect tumours and abscesses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of Indium-111?

    <p>67 h</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of Indium-111 in medical applications?

    <p>To label white blood cells and platelets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy of gamma rays emitted by Indium-113?

    <p>390 keV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common PET radionuclide?

    <p>18F</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main use of 18F in medical applications?

    <p>To measure brain and heart metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of 123I?

    <p>13 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy of the gamma rays emitted by 123I?

    <p>159 keV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of 131I in medical applications?

    <p>Thyroid ablation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Xenon-133 in medical applications?

    <p>Lung ventilation imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of Krypton-81m?

    <p>7.13 seconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is it difficult to use Rubidium-81?

    <p>It has a short half-life and must be used the day it is delivered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is technetium-99m used for in gastric-emptying studies?

    <p>Mixed with bran porridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of iodine-131 in medical applications?

    <p>Thyroid imaging and treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is technetium-99m labelled with for bone imaging?

    <p>Methylene diphosphonate (MDP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of iodine-131?

    <p>8 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is technetium-99m labelled with for cerebral imaging?

    <p>Hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of technetium-99m in medical applications?

    <p>Cerebral blood flow imaging and testicular imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of 123I over 125I in imaging?

    <p>It decays by electron capture emitting 159 keV gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is technetium-99m labelled with for bone imaging?

    <p>methylene diphosphonate (MDP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radiation does Xenon-133 emit?

    <p>Low energy gamma rays</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which radionuclide can be blocked from the thyroid by administration of potassium perchlorate?

    <p>Technetium-99m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is technetium-99m labelled with for cerebral imaging?

    <p>hexamethyl propylene amine oxime (HMPAO)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of Krypton-81m in medical applications?

    <p>Pulmonary ventilation studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the half-life of Iodine-123?

    <p>13 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is technetium-99m used for in gastric-emptying studies?

    <p>Mixed with bran porridge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary use of iodine-131 in medical applications?

    <p>Thyroid imaging</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Rubidium-81 difficult to use?

    <p>It has a short half-life</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is technetium-99m used for in testicular imaging?

    <p>SIS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy of the gamma rays emitted by Iodine-123?

    <p>159 keV</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of technetium-99m for radionuclide imaging?

    <p>It has a pure gamma emission, allowing for better spatial resolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the generator in producing technetium-99m?

    <p>To supply the radionuclide with its longer-lived parent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is technetium-99m suitable for imaging?

    <p>It forms a stable product in vitro and in vivo</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using technetium-99m with a short half-life?

    <p>It reduces the dose to the patient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is technetium-99m supplied?

    <p>It is supplied from a generator shielded with lead</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of technetium-99m that allows for reasonably large activity administration?

    <p>Its short half-life and pure gamma emission</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Production of Radionuclides

    • There are over 2700 known radionuclides, and some are used in medical imaging.
    • Radionuclides are produced artificially in the following ways:
      • A) Neutron excess: forcing an additional neutron into a stable nucleus, resulting in a neutron excess, in a nuclear reactor.
      • B) Proton excess: forcing an additional proton into a stable nucleus, knocking out a neutron, in a cyclotron.
      • C) Radioactive fission products: extracted from spent fuel rods of nuclear reactors.
      • D) Daughter products: obtained from generators containing longer-lived radioactive parents.

    Radionuclides in Medical Imaging

    • Desirable properties of radionuclides for imaging:
      • Emission of gamma rays (50-300 keV) for easy detection and spatial resolution.
      • No alpha or beta particle emission to minimize unnecessary dose to the patient.
      • Ideally, emission of monoenergetic gamma rays for easy energy discrimination.
      • Easily attached to pharmaceuticals at room temperature.
      • Readily available at the hospital site.
      • High specific activity (high activity per unit volume).

    Radioactive Decay

    • Radioactive decay is a stochastic process, making it impossible to predict which nucleus will disintegrate next.
    • The activity of a radioactive sample is measured by the rate of disintegration (number of disintegrations per second).
    • The SI unit of activity is the Becquerel (Bq), with common units being megabecquerels (MBq) and gigabecquerels (GBq).

    Cyclotrons

    • Cyclotrons are powerful machines that accelerate charged particles to produce radioactive isotopes.
    • They are commonly used in nuclear medicine to produce radionuclides for imaging and cancer treatment.

    Other Radionuclides and Their Uses

    • Xenon-133 (133Xe): used in lung ventilation imaging, produced in a nuclear reactor, and has a half-life of 5.2 days.
    • Krypton-81m (81mKr): used in pulmonary ventilation studies, generator-produced, and has a half-life of 13 seconds.
    • Gallium-67 (67Ga): used to detect tumors and abscesses, cyclotron-produced, and has a half-life of 67 hours.
    • Indium-111 (111In): used to label white blood cells and platelets for locating abscesses and thrombosis, cyclotron-produced, and has a half-life of 67 hours.
    • Positron emitters: used in PET (positron emission tomography) scans, with common examples being 18F, 11C, 13N, 15O, and 82Rb.

    Technetium-99m

    • 99mTc is used in 90% of radionuclide imaging, fulfilling many desirable criteria.
    • It has a gamma energy of 141 keV, making it easily collimated and absorbed in a thin crystal.
    • It has a short half-life (6 hours) and pure gamma emission, allowing for a reasonably large activity to be administered.
    • 99mTc is supplied from a generator containing the parent 99Mo, which can be produced in a nuclear reactor and has a 67 hour half-life.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the production of radionuclides, including the process of adding neutrons to a stable nucleus, and the role of nuclear reactors in this process. Learn about the creation of radionuclides used in medical imaging.

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