نظريات حول تصميم و تخطيط المدن

• These notes summarize various theories of urban planning and design.

Theory of the City of the Future

• The theory was created by the architect Le Corbusier in 1922.
• The city includes three main sections: high-rise buildings and skyscrapers in the city center, residential buildings of lower height surrounding the city center, and parks and recreation areas in the remaining parts of the city.

Basic Principles of Le Corbusier’s Urban Planning

• Elimination of narrow streets and evacuation of the old city center with buildings.
• Increasing building density and expanding green spaces.
• Categorizing transportation and traffic movement into different levels.

Theory of the Broad Acre City

• Created by the architect Frank Lloyd Wright
• This theory differs from Le Corbusier's theory of the city.
• Wright proposed that the city should extend horizontally, with houses spread out over an area of one acre per family.
• This design would situate residences closer to agricultural areas to achieve a lower population density.
• Factories, government institutions, and marketing centers would be located along the main transportation routes.
• Other activities such as manufacturing, commerce, and services would also be distributed along these routes.

The Fourth Dimension of Doxiadis

• Places significant emphasis on the importance of time in the development of cities and their urban fabric.
• Doxiadis attempts to precisely define the concept of the fourth dimension (time) in the evolution of the three-dimensional space of the city's urban texture.
• Every point in the fabric, is understood by Doxiadis through its three spatial dimensions and the fourth, historical-temporal dimension.
• It is impossible for a point in space to exist separately from a moment in time, which defines its beginning and end.

Stages of Doxiadis' City

• Doxiadis divides the city into several spatial-temporal stages:
• The traditional uni-directional evolving center (Dynapolis): Development occurs in one direction in the shape of a parabolic section.
• Multi-directional development (Dynametropolis): Development occurs in multiple directions.
• The vast, moving city (Dinamijapolis): The city center swallows the remaining lands of the city.
• The absolute, fixed city (Ecumenopolis): This is a stage of balance and order where the final form of the city is stable and cannot be further expanded.

City of Domes

• Domed structures are designed with the interior of each dome divided into rings to house public cultural service institutions and industrial establishments fixed on the ground or floating on the water surface.
• Each dome can accommodate apartments for a number around 10,700.
• At the top of the domed ceiling, around the openings designated for lighting and ventilation, there is an open space for the comfort of residents and to provide a view of the surrounding land.
• Residential neighborhoods are connected to each other, as well as to industrial or production landfills, by elevators and moving walkways.
• The specific shape of the dome predetermines a circular road design extending around these structures, with radial roads connecting the circular roads to each other.

City of Cones

• Conical or funnel-shaped structures that rest on the ground with their narrow end and are connected at the top by connecting thresholds.
• Each cone or funnel represents a self-contained residential area, with apartments arranged in a tiered manner.
• The cone is 100 meters high and the diameter of the upper circumference is 200 meters.
• Public cultural institutions and commercial institutions are located in the lower section of the cone.
• Two thirds of the construction, in terms of height, are allocated for residential apartments.
• The outside of the cone contains corridors or inclined passages for cars to access the entrances of the apartments directly.
• The tiered arrangement of apartments on the inner wall of the cone or funnel ensures that they are identical, well-exposed to sunlight, and well-protected from noise and harmful gases.

Floating City

• The general layout and a part of the general view of the floating city.
• These cities are located on flotation buoys, ranging in diameter from 300 to 500 meters.
• Buoys are interconnected by bridge roadways.

Suspended City

• These cities are built on large, hollow supports, hundreds of meters high.
• Inside these hollow supports, electric elevators and engineering transportation networks are created.
• A spatial network of cables made of high-resistance steel extends between the hollow supports.
• Any structure can be suspended on these cables in any position.
• The dwelling can be adapted to seasonal changes with an opening to face the sun, transforming it into something resembling an open-air amphitheater.

Cable-Stayed City

• Proposed by the French architect Maimon, this refers to a plan for a small resort city or a resort village located on a rugged, rocky coast.
• This plan consists of a cable-stayed structure connected by two towers containing emergency stairs.
• The constructions of private villas are suspended on the stay cables.